Perspective of Public Acceptance of the Electronic Toll Road (ERP) Policy Implementation Plan in DKI Jakarta Province Using a Planned Behavior Approach

Abstract

Persistent traffic congestion, dependence on private vehicles, and transportation-related emissions have prompted the Jakarta Provincial Government to consider implementing Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) as a traffic demand management strategy. However, public acceptance remains a critical factor in determining the feasibility and successful implementation of the proposed policy. This study examined the relationships between attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and public intention to accept the proposed ERP policy in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta), Indonesia, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). A quantitative survey was conducted among private car users traveling along nine selected road corridors between January and June 2025. Following respondent screening, data from 183 regular private car users were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4. The results revealed that attitude exhibited the strongest positive association with intention to accept the ERP policy (? = 0.396; t = 4.458), followed by perceived behavioral control (? = 0.344; t = 3.991) and subjective norms (? = 0.231; t = 2.631). Collectively, these constructs explained 88.1% of the variance in acceptance intention (R² = 0.881), indicating substantial explanatory power within the surveyed sample. Nevertheless, the prevalence of neutral responses and concerns regarding policy fairness suggested that favorable overall perceptions did not necessarily reflect consistent public support. The findings highlighted the importance of communicating anticipated congestion reduction and environmental benefits, ensuring transparency in the allocation of ERP revenue, and demonstrating the accessibility and reliability of public transportation alternatives. The study concluded that attitudes, perceived social expectations, and perceived behavioral control were positively associated with public intention to accept the proposed ERP policy. These findings provided empirical insights to support targeted public consultation, transparent policy communication, and the development of implementation strategies addressing public concerns before ERP adoption in DKI Jakarta.