Journal of Social Research

How Technostress Shapes Anxiety Levels in Learning Four Language Skills? Evidence from Thai Students

2026-04-01T08:05:22+00:00

The rapid integration of digital technology in education has introduced new challenges, particularly for junior high school students learning English. Technostress, defined as the stress caused by difficulties in adapting to new technologies, has emerged as a significant factor affecting students' emotional responses in digital learning environments. This study aims to explore the relationship between technostress and language learning anxiety, focusing on Thai junior high school students. The research employs a quantitative explanatory design using Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) to analyze how various dimensions of technostress, such as techno-anxiety, techno-overload, and techno-uncertainty, contribute to anxiety in learning English across four skills: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. The findings indicate a significant positive relationship between technostress and language learning anxiety, with techno-uncertainty and techno-anxiety identified as the most impactful stressors. The study highlights the need for educators to minimize platform switching, create error-friendly learning environments, and maintain consistent digital routines to reduce anxiety. The results provide practical insights for developing more emotionally supportive digital learning designs, ensuring that technology-based education is both effective and psychologically sustainable for young learners.

A Retrospective Descriptive Study of the Characteristics of Schizophrenia Patients

2026-04-06T05:02:22+00:00

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that significantly affects patients’ quality of life and contributes to a substantial global health burden. This research aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile and sociodemographic characteristics of schizophrenia patients at Bantarjaya Health Center, Bogor Regency, Indonesia. A retrospective descriptive design was employed using secondary data from the medical records of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia between January and June 2025. A total of 76 patients aged 16–75 years were included in the study. The variables analyzed consisted of age, gender, and marital status. The results showed that male patients slightly outnumbered female patients, with a ratio of 1.3:1 (56.5% vs. 43.5%). The highest prevalence was found in the young age group (16–30 years) at 38.1%, followed by the productive age group (31–45 years) at 36.8%. In terms of marital status, most female patients were married (60.6%), while the majority of male patients were unmarried (67.4%). The findings indicate a significant association between gender, age at onset, and marital status, where early onset in males may interfere with psychosocial development, including the ability to establish marital relationships. Conversely, later onset in females allows greater opportunities for marriage. In conclusion, schizophrenia predominantly affects individuals in their productive years, with notable differences in demographic characteristics between genders. These findings highlight the importance of early detection and tailored intervention strategies at the primary healthcare level to improve patient outcomes and social functioning.

The Role of Tourism Village Development on the Economic Welfare of Local Communities

2026-03-30T04:22:40+00:00

This study aims to analyze the role of the development of Sosromenduran Tourism Village in improving the economic welfare of the local community. Sosromenduran Tourism Village, located in the Municipality of Yogyakarta, was developed as a form of community-based tourism by actively involving the community in economic and tourism activities. The approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, with data collection techniques in the form of observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving eight informants from three categories, namely the management of Sosromenduran Tourism Village, community members who are involved, and those who are not involved. Data analysis is carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that the role of tourism village development has a positive impact on economic welfare indicators, including increased income, job creation, MSME growth, access to training and skills, and the availability of infrastructure and public facilities. In addition, this village also encourages the promotion of local products and cultural preservation through various tourism events. This research emphasizes the importance of community empowerment in creating inclusive and sustainable tourism and shows that Sosromenduran Tourism Village can serve as a model for community-based local economic development. However, challenges are still encountered; limited public participation remains a challenge in itself, and fluctuations in the number of tourists during certain periods can affect income stability.

Habitual Scrolling and the Decline in Critical Thinking Skills in the Social Media Era: A Qualitative Study from a Communication Studies Perspective

2026-04-08T08:37:54+00:00

The rapid development of digital communication technologies has significantly transformed the way individuals’ access and consume information, particularly through social media platforms. One emerging phenomenon is habitual scrolling, a repetitive and often unconscious activity that enables users to continuously consume large amounts of content. This study aims to explore how habitual scrolling practices influence users’ critical thinking skills in evaluating digital information. Using a qualitative research approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation involving 5–10 active social media users aged 18–35 years. The findings reveal that habitual scrolling has become an integral part of daily routines, often performed without clear purpose and driven by platform features such as infinite scrolling and algorithmic recommendations. This behaviour leads to rapid and superficial information consumption, where users tend to skim content rather than engage deeply. Consequently, the ability to critically evaluate information decreases, as users rarely verify sources or reflect on content before accepting or sharing it. The study concludes that habitual scrolling contributes to a decline in critical thinking by promoting fast, intuitive processing over analytical reasoning. Therefore, enhancing digital literacy and encouraging mindful media use are essential to mitigate its negative cognitive impacts.

Disparities in the Use of Necessary Defense (Noodweer) Versus Excessive Use of Necessary Defense (Noodweer Excess) Under Law No. 1 of 2023

2026-04-01T06:28:15+00:00

This research aims to analyze the regulation and position of the concepts of forced defense (noodweer) and excessive forced defense (noodweer excess) in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, as well as their implications for the criminal accountability system in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical, employing statutory and conceptual approaches through the analysis of legal norms, doctrines, and related literature. The results of the study show that noodweer is regulated as a justification that removes the unlawful nature of an act, as reflected in provisions concerning defense against attacks or threats of attacks that are immediate and unlawful. Meanwhile, noodweer excessqualifies as an excuse that removes criminal liability, even though the act is still considered unlawful, due to severe mental shock caused by the attack. The fundamental difference between the two lies in the principle of proportionality in noodweer and psychological factors in noodweer excess. However, in law enforcement practice, there are still unclear parameters, especially regarding the limits of proportionality and the proof of mental shock. This study concludes that more comprehensive normative affirmation and interpretive guidelines are needed to provide legal certainty and prevent disparities in decisions in the application of the two concepts. In addition, the evidentiary mechanism distinguishing between justifying and excusing grounds needs to be formulated more systematically within the criminal justice system.

Optimalization Strategy for kWh Savings at the JE016 Substation in Labu Lalar at PT PLN (Persero) ULP Taliwang

2026-04-01T04:44:13+00:00

Electricity is a primary necessity that must be supplied continuously with reliable quality to meet increasing societal demand. However, technical losses in distribution systems, particularly those caused by transformer load imbalance, can reduce system efficiency and lead to energy losses. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of load-balancing methods in optimizing kWh energy savings at the JE016 substation in Labu Lalar, operated by PT PLN (Persero) ULP Taliwang. This research employs a quantitative experimental approach using load measurement data obtained from field observations and the AMG application. The analysis focuses on load-imbalance percentage, neutral current, power losses, and energy losses before and after load-balancing implementation. The results show that the load-balancing method successfully reduced the load-imbalance percentage to 20.29% and decreased the neutral current to 40.67%. Consequently, energy losses were reduced to 241.52 kWh, while the transformer achieved energy savings of up to 25.53 kWh. These findings indicate that load balancing significantly improves transformer efficiency by minimizing losses and optimizing energy usage. In conclusion, the implementation of load balancing is an effective strategy for reducing technical losses and enhancing energy efficiency in distribution substations. This method can be applied as a practical solution to optimize transformer performance and improve the quality of electrical power distribution.

Digital Financial Literacy and Digital Financial Inclusion Among Indonesian MSMEs: The Mediating Role of Financial Behavior and the Moderating Role of Education Level

2026-04-02T04:28:31+00:00

The rapid expansion of digital financial services has reshaped financial access for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Despite their substantial contribution to national economic growth, many MSME owners remain vulnerable to digital financial exclusion due to gaps in digital financial capabilities. This study examines the relationship between Digital Financial Literacy (DFL) and Digital Financial Inclusion (DFI) among Indonesian MSMEs, incorporating Financial Behavior (FB) as a mediating variable and Education Level (EL) as a moderating variable. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 121 MSME owners and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings indicate that digital financial literacy has a positive and significant direct effect on both financial behavior and digital financial inclusion. However, financial behavior does not significantly influence digital financial inclusion and does not mediate the relationship between digital financial literacy and digital financial inclusion. Furthermore, education level does not moderate the relationship between digital financial literacy and digital financial inclusion, suggesting that the impact of digital financial literacy is consistent across different educational backgrounds. These results highlight that digital financial literacy serves as the primary driver of digital financial inclusion among MSMEs in Indonesia, while behavioral transformation and formal education play a more limited role. The study underscores the importance of strengthening practical digital financial literacy initiatives as a direct strategy to enhance inclusive participation in the digital financial ecosystem.

Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Leptin Levels in Students with Myopia at the Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra

2026-04-01T04:17:03+00:00

Myopia is a refractive disorder whose prevalence continues to increase globally and represents a significant eye health problem among adolescents and young adults. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, metabolic factors are thought to play a role in the development and severity of myopia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and leptin levels and the degree of myopia in students at the Faculty of Medicine, University of North Sumatra. This study employed an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach involving 50 students with myopia. The data collected included BMI, visual acuity, degree of myopia, and serum leptin levels, and were analyzed using Chi-square, one-way ANOVA, and Kruskal–Wallis tests based on data distribution. The results showed a significant relationship between BMI and leptin levels (p < 0.001), with leptin levels increasing as BMI rose, particularly in the obese group. BMI was also significantly associated with the degree of myopia (p < 0.001), with moderate to severe myopia being more common in obese subjects. Additionally, leptin levels were significantly associated with myopia severity (p < 0.001), with higher levels observed in moderate and severe myopia compared to mild cases. The study concludes that BMI and leptin levels are associated with the degree of myopia in college students, indicating the role of metabolic factors in myopia progression. These findings may serve as a basis for developing prevention and management strategies through a multidisciplinary approach that includes nutritional and metabolic aspects.

The Effect of Resilience on Psychological Well-Being in Parents with Children with Special Needs in Berau Regency

2026-04-01T04:40:08+00:00

Parents who raise children with special needs often experience various psychological challenges that may affect their psychological well-being. The increasing number of children with special needs in Indonesia highlights the importance of understanding factors that support parents’ mental health. One factor believed to play an important role is resilience, which refers to the ability of individuals to adapt and remain strong when facing difficult situations. This study aims to examine the effect of resilience on psychological well-being among parents of children with special needs in Berau Regency. The study employed a quantitative inferential approach with a sample of 186 parents selected using a snowball sampling technique. Data were collected using a resilience scale developed by the researchers and the Psychological Well-Being Scale based on Ryff’s model. The data were analyzed using simple linear regression after meeting the assumptions of normality and linearity. The results showed that resilience had a significant positive effect on psychological well-being (B = 0.485; p < 0.05). The coefficient of determination indicated that resilience contributed 60.8% to the variance in psychological well-being. These findings suggest that higher levels of resilience are associated with higher psychological well-being among parents of children with special needs. Therefore, strengthening resilience is important for supporting parents’ psychological health and improving their ability to cope with parenting challenges.

Effect of Papaya Leaf Extract (Carica papaya L.) Oral on Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels in Vitiligo Model Mice

2026-04-01T04:25:54+00:00

Vitiligo is a multifactorial skin disorder associated with oxidative stress and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may inhibit its pathogenesis. This research aims to analyze the effect of papaya leaf extract on MDA levels in vitiligo model mice. This was an in vivoexperimental study using C57BL/6 mice divided into control and treatment groups, including papaya leaf extract (1500 mg) and/or 0.05% clobetasol propionate. Vitiligo was induced with 40% monobenzone for 16 days, followed by 28 days of treatment. Serum and tissue MDA levels were measured using ELISA and analyzed with the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests (p < 0.05). Administration of 40% monobenzone cream significantly increased serum MDA levels in vitiligo model mice (p ? 0.001) compared to mice without vitiligo. The administration of papaya leaf extract significantly reduced serum MDA levels (p ? 0.001) in vitiligo mice compared to untreated vitiligo mice. Tissue MDA levels in vitiligo mice given combination therapy of papaya leaf extract and 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream were significantly different (p ? 0.001) compared to those receiving papaya leaf extract alone or standard topical therapy. Papaya leaf extract lowers serum MDA levels in vitiligo model mice. Tissue MDA levels in vitiligo model mice were lower with combination therapy of papaya leaf extract and 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream compared to papaya leaf extract alone or standard topical therapy.

Strategies for Fostering Self-Directed Learning Used by English Language Education Lecturers at Esa Unggul University

2026-04-01T04:30:37+00:00

This study investigates the strategies used by English Language Education lecturers at Esa Unggul University to foster self-directed learning (SDL) among students. Employing a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis with four lecturers selected based on SDL-related criteria. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti revealed ten strategies: collaborative learning, formative assessment, technology integration, cooperative learning, metacognitive skills development, task ownership, constructive feedback, problem-based learning, resource utilization, and climate setting. Collaborative learning, formative assessment, and technology integration emerged as the most consistently applied across instruments, reflecting a shift from teacher-centered to student-centered approaches that encourage peer collaboration, digital engagement, and formative feedback. However, strategies that develop autonomy and metacognitive regulation were less evident in classroom practices. The findings highlight the need for continuous professional development to strengthen lecturers’ capacity to integrate deeper SDL principles into their teaching, thereby supporting students’ independence, critical thinking, and lifelong learning skills.

The Effect of Educational Background, Work Ethic, Leadership, and Work Motivation on the Performance of Balakada Pusziad Personnel in Supporting the Construction of the Outer Island Territorial Unit of Rote NDAO

2026-04-01T04:41:36+00:00

Personnel performance is a strategic factor in supporting the effective implementation of military organizational duties, especially in Balakada Pusziad as a technical implementing element under the Army Zeni Center, which is responsible for supporting engineering equipment and construction to enhance the unit’s operational readiness. The increasing complexity of tasks and demands for professionalism require performance optimization through the strengthening of internal organizational factors. This study aims to analyze the influence of educational background, work ethic, leadership, and work motivation on the performance of Balakada Pusziad personnel. The research uses a quantitative approach with survey methods and a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires that had been tested for validity and reliability, then analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and SWOT analysis with the help of SPSS. The results of the study show that educational background, work ethic, leadership, and work motivation, partially or simultaneously, have a positive and significant effect on personnel performance. The discussion indicates that work motivation strengthens the influence of independent variables in improving performance outcomes. It was concluded that the improvement of the performance of Balakada Pusziad personnel is determined by the synergy among the quality of education, the strengthening of work ethic, leadership effectiveness, and the optimization of work motivation as internal driving factors of the organization.

Effect of Vermiform Appendix Anatomical Variations on Laparoscopic Surgical Outcomes in Appendicitis: Systematic Review

2026-04-03T19:29:48+00:00

The most common surgical cause of abdominal pain is appendicitis, and its diagnosis is affected by anatomical variations of the vermiform appendix. The appendix may be in different positions, but the base of the appendix is attached to the cecum. Based on positional variations, the appendix is classified as retrocecal, pelvic, anterior, or subhepatic. This study aims to evaluate the effect of anatomical variations in appendix position on laparoscopic surgical outcomes. This study uses a systematic review method following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were conducted through the Scopus and Google Scholar databases for the 2016–2026 period using the PICOS framework. The selection process identified two articles that met the inclusion criteria. Both articles reported similar findings regarding anatomical variations of the appendix and surgical outcomes. The most common finding associated with each anatomical variation of the appendix during surgery was appendiceal rupture, with a higher risk observed in the subhepatic appendix position. In addition, the subhepatic appendix position requires a longer operative time compared to other appendix positions. Meanwhile, the pelvic appendix position has a higher rate of postoperative intestinal obstruction compared to other appendix positions. In conclusion, variations in the anatomical position of the appendix have differing levels of impact on surgical and postoperative outcomes, particularly in the subhepatic and pelvic positions. This is reflected in the most common complications, such as appendiceal rupture, prolonged operative time, and an increased risk of postoperative intestinal obstruction.

A Qualitative Exploration of Generative Batik Ornaments and Digital Branding Strategies Based on Consumer Behavior in the Creative Economy Era

2026-04-01T04:46:39+00:00

Industry batik fashion today undergoing a comprehensive transformation because of the convergence of digital technology and shifts in consumer behavior within the Creative Economy Ecosystem. These dynamics demand that industry players move beyond merely preserving traditional cultural identity and begin orchestrating design innovation and marketing strategies that resonate with digital markets. This research focuses on a qualitative analysis of the utilization of a generative design approach in the visual engineering of batik ornaments, as well as formulating a conceptual model of branding strategies based on consumer data to increase competitiveness in modern fashion. Through a qualitative approach that emphasizes exploratory design analysis and digital consumer behavior research, data are deeply examined through literature studies, observation of visual trends on social media, and narrative evaluation of audience preferences. The research findings indicate that algorithmic generative design systems can broaden the spectrum of motif innovation flexibly through modifications in pattern structures, repetition, and color composition. Furthermore, a qualitative understanding of digital data provides sharper empathetic insights into consumer visual preferences, guiding the design process to become more adaptive. This research culminates in the formulation of a conceptual branding model that closely integrates design exploration, consumer insight analysis, and digital communication strategies, thereby holistically strengthening the legitimacy of batik as a competitive cultural commodity in the global fashion arena.

The Uses of Humor in Stand-up Comedy Mens Rea by Pandji Pragiwaksono as a Mechanism of Social Control

2026-04-01T04:36:30+00:00

Humor is an effective tool for delivering messages and building relatable communication in today’s fast-paced world. This research aims to analyze the political communication messages in Pandji Pragiwaksono’s stand-up comedy Mens Rea, which aired on Netflix, based on a paid show in August 2025 in Jakarta. The analysis is conducted by examining how Pandji uses humor to convey criticism of government policies, which have received varying responses from the public through social media. This study uses a qualitative approach, applying Teun A. van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) method, which examines the text at the macrostructure (thematic), superstructure (schematic), and microstructure (semantic, syntactic, and stylistic) levels. To deepen the analysis of the function of humor, this study applies Henri Bergson’s Theory of Humor, specifically the concept of mechanical inelasticity. Within this framework, the government is represented as a rigid and slow-moving entity, while the wider public, especially Gen Z, is depicted as a fluid force of change. The analysis results show that Pandji uses satire and irony techniques to sharply criticize government policies, while validating the public’s anxiety—especially that of Gen Z—as a logical form of resistance, rather than mere baseless complaints (snowflakes). The humorous communication message in Mens Rea serves as a deconstructive tool to address the negative stigma held by society, particularly toward Gen Z, in the eyes of those in power. Mens Rea functions not only as entertainment but also as a form of political communication and social control through humor.

Culture Shock Intercultural Wedding in North Serpong District, South Tangerang City

2026-04-01T04:18:55+00:00

This research aims to analyze the phenomenon of culture shock in intercultural marriages in North Serpong District. The focus of the research is on the communication dynamics of couples with different ethnic and regional backgrounds in managing differences in values, traditions, and interaction styles. This research uses a qualitative approach with a multiple-case study design. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed using pattern-matching techniques and cross-case synthesis, with reference to the Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory developed by William B. Gudykunst. The results of the study show that couples experience adaptation stages that follow the U-curve pattern, namely honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment. The crisis phase is the most vulnerable point, characterized by clashes in verbal communication styles, differences in work values, and extended family interventions. Uncertainty arises in the form of difficulty predicting a partner’s responses, while anxiety manifests as emotional tension and recurring conflict. The recovery process takes place through negotiation of meaning, self-disclosure, and the formation of mutual agreements as strategies to reduce uncertainty. At the adjustment stage, couples build a hybrid family culture that integrates the positive values of each cultural background. The heterogeneous and individualistic urban environment in North Serpong also accelerates the adaptation process due to the lack of external social intervention. This research extends the concept of culture shock to the domestic–interpersonal realm and provides practical implications for strengthening intercultural communication literacy in multicultural.

Credit Risk Dynamics and Credit Quality in the Banking Sector and FMCG Industry: Bibliometric Study and Content Analysis

2026-04-01T08:17:08+00:00

In an increasingly dynamic and uncertain global business landscape, risk management has become essential to maintaining operational continuity and institutional performance. This study examines the dynamics of credit risk and credit quality and their impact on institutional performance in the banking and Fast- Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sectors. The objective of this research is to analyze the dynamics of credit risk and credit quality in the banking and FMCG sectors, Explore the Shift in Research Focus Post the 2008 Global Financial crisis, and provide practical recommendations for more adaptive risk management. This study employed bibliometric and content analysis approaches to evaluate existing literature on credit risk in both sectors. The analysis also includes scholarly collaboration and research trends from 2008 to 2016. The findings indicate a sharp increase in academic interest in this topic following the 2008 financial crisis, peaking in 2016. Research focus has shifted from financial stability to the integration of credit risk within non-financial industries such as FMCG. The Battle of the analysis also reveals fragmented scholarly networks. This study emphasizes the importance of applying adaptive, data-driven, and integrated risk mitigation theories to support the resilience of both the financial and real sectors. The Battle of the findings contribute to the development of a cross-sectoral framework and provide practical recommendations for contextual risk management.

The Effect of Employee Training and Development on Employee Performance at PT FUMIRA

2026-04-01T04:20:33+00:00

This research aims to determine how much impact employee training and development programs have on performance at PT Fumira. The method used in this research is associative quantitative, involving all PT Fumira employees as research subjects. Data is collected through surveys covering the entire population. In this research, data analysis was caried out using statistical techniques such as linear regression and t-tests, which were processed using IBM SPSS version 29.0 software. The research results show that the training program significantly improves employee performance, with a calculated t-value of 5.120 and a regression coefficient of 15.820. This means that whenever training is improved, employee performance also increases. Likewise, employee development shows a significant influence, with a calculated t-value of 4.773 and a regression coefficient of 32.603, indicating that the development program improves employee performance effectively. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis combining training and development shows that they together explain 79.8% of the variation in employee performance, with a calculated F value of 39.797 which is highly significant at a significance level of less than 0.001. The results of this research provide practical insight for PT Fumira to design and implement more effective training and development programs. These findings can also be a reference for other companies in the same industry who want to improve their employee performance through systematic and data-based training and development programs.