Job Mapping Model and Projection of Solar Energy Labor Needs in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review Approach

Abstract

This study aimed to systematically synthesize the literature to identify job classifications, evaluate approaches used to project workforce demand, and develop an integrated competency-mapping framework for Indonesia’s solar power industry. The review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and searched five scientific databases: Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, covering publications from 2021 to 2026. Following the screening process based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria and methodological quality assessment, 22 articles were deemed eligible for analysis using thematic analysis combined with narrative synthesis. The findings showed that the solar photovoltaic (PV) project value chain comprised four main stages: planning, construction, commissioning, and operation and maintenance (O&M), each requiring distinct technical competencies. The review also found that most workforce projection models remained oriented toward quantitative macroeconomic approaches and therefore did not adequately capture competency gaps (skill gaps) at the operational level. To address this limitation, this study developed the Integrative Solar Workforce Projection and Competency Mapping Model (IPPEC Model), which integrated quantitative workforce demand estimation with a regional competency standards framework. The findings indicated that accelerating solar PV deployment in Indonesia should be accompanied by a comprehensive national occupational competency standardization system to ensure that workforce availability and competencies align with the evolving requirements of the solar energy industry.