P-ISSN: 2827-9832
E-ISSN: 2828-335x
http://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr
735
PROTOTYPE DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT
DOMESTIC WASTE
Ivonda Vicana Pandang
1
, Sinung Rahardjo
2
, Djumbuh Rukmono
3
1
Program Pasca Sarjana Politeknik Ahli Usaha Perikanan, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta
23
Politeknik Ahli Usaha Perikanan – Pasar Minggu, Jakarta
ivondavicana16@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
A prototype design for domestic wastewater treatment has been carried out using the concept of filtration, in
which this prototype consists of 2 filters to treat domestic wastewater, the first filter uses a 10-inch cartridge
filter media in which filter materials are composed, namely cotton, ferrite, and activated carbon. Then the
second filter uses an RO 75 GPD filter which consists of a hollow fiber membrane and has pores of 0.0001
microns. Domestic wastewater from the input reservoir is pumped through the PVC and into filter 1, namely
the carbon filter media inside the cartridge filter, the produced water is passed through the ferrite filtration
media and then inserted into the membrane, the produced water enters the membrane and RO filter then
produces processed wastewater that has been clean and enter into the output reservoir. The results of the
functional test explained that the flow velocity of treated wastewater passing through the ¾ inch connecting
pipe was 0.22 m/s or 0.24 m3/hour and it took 2 hours to fill an aquarium with a water capacity of 57 liters.
Keywords: filtration, waste treatment, design, prototype
This article is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0
INTRODUCTION
Human health can be disrupted if the water we use contains viruses, pathogens or bacteria,
one of which must be considered is waste management (Jones et al., 2013). The importance of
waste management in order to avoid pollutants Bioreactoran innovative tool that can manage
this, namely the Membrane Biorector (Wenten et al., 2014). Membrane Bioreactors, or MBR
for short, have been widely marketed throughout the world, especially MBR for treating waste,
however, buyer interest is low due to the high selling price and high maintenance costs. So that
the introduction of MBR with immersion membranes is more attractive to the public because
it has a low cost compared to other types (Shi et al., 2014).
The several advantages of using a Membrane Bioreactor or MBR are that the processed
results are cleaner, minimal in viruses, pathogens, and bacteria, and have high-quality water
free of organic and non-organic contaminants with less sludge yield compared to conventional
methods. Seeing these advantages, Some industries use MBR as a means of processing their
waste, which is expected to be used again, including as sanitation by the factory (Howell,
1995).
In this research, an experiment was carried out to make a prototype of a wastewater
treatment tool with a filtration system, in which at the initial stage of the experiment,
wastewater would be filtered in a filtration system. The performance of the filtration system on
the research prototype will be compared with conventional water filters (Farid & Finahari,
2014). Wastewater from the input reservoir is pumped through the PVC and into filter 1,
namely the carbon filter media inside the cartridge filter, the produced water is passed through
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the ferrite filtration media and then inserted into the membrane, the produced water enters the
membrane and RO filter then produces clean treated wastewater and into the output reservoir.
METHOD
Research methods
This research consists of several stages, including prototype design planning, prototype
dimension calculation, prototype assembly, and functional testing of prototype components
(Suhardi, 2020). Prototype design planning in this study was carried out using the comparative
method, namely by comparing theory (literature study) with the results of field observations
(field observations) (Ulfatin, 2022). Whereas in the prototype design activities in this study
using the Trail and Learn method, namely designing and testing the performance of prototype
domestic wastewater treatment equipment, then evaluating and improving the product until it
is in accordance with the goals to be achieved.
Time and place
ActivityThis research was conducted from March 2021 to June 2021. The research began
with planning the design and selecting engineering materials to be used in pyrolysators with
multilevel condensation systems. Then proceed with the assembly process and functional
testing at the SUPM Tegal Wet Laboratory, Tegal City, Central Java.
Tools and materials
The main equipment and materials used to make the prototype for domestic wastewater
treatment equipment in this study consisted of a Water pump 1 unit 150 Psi water mist pump,
48 VDC, Carbon and Ferrolite Cartridge Filter 10”, 75 GPD RO Filter, 3 RO Pipes /8 inch 2
meters, RO pipe ¼ inch 5 meters, ruler, elbow 90o, union, gate valve.
Data collection technique
Prototype design planning in this study aims to analyze, assess, and improve the
weaknesses of the prototypes that have been used especially conventional prototypes.
Prototype design planning in this study was carried out by comparing the data and information
obtained from the results of the literature with the results of field observations. To clarify the
prototype design planning technique in this study, it is described as follows:
a. Study of Literature
Literature study is carried out by studying books, and scientific publications, as well as
research that has been done previously regarding design, working principles, functions of main
components, and auxiliary components on prototype performance, in order to obtain a
theoretical basis in carrying out prototype designs in water treatment systems domestic waste
(Azizah, 2014).
b. Field observation
Field observations were carried out by means of a survey at the waste treatment site, to
obtain information and data regarding the methods and principles of wastewater treatment, the
types of materials used, and the advantages and disadvantages of the prototypes used to produce
wastewater treatment prototypes.
Prototype Dimension Planning
In determining the dimensions of the wastewater treatment prototype, there are several
calculations that can be carried out, including the following:
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Re =
a. Debt Calculation
Flow discharge states the volume of fluid flow per unit time (Tahara, 2000). The fluid flow
rate can be determined using the following formula:
Information
Q = Discharge (ml/s2)
v = Fluid flow rate (ml)
t = Fluid travel time (seconds)
b. Properties of Fluid Flow in Pipes
The nature of fluid flow in pipes is divided into 2, namely laminar flow and turbulent flow,
an explanation of each of the fluid flow properties can be seen as follows
- Laminar Flow
Laminar flow is a fluid flow that is constant both in magnitude and direction flowing
through the lower pipe, by calculating the Reynolds Number the value of laminar flow can be
known.
Information
Re= Renould Number;
= Density of fluid (kg/m3)
v = Velocity of fluid flow (m/s)
d = inside diameter of the pipe (m)
µ = Dynamic viscosity (kg/m3)
- Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow is the flow that is not constant and varies both in magnitude and direction
in all directions. The flow will be turbulent if the calculation results of the Reynolds Number
(Re) are above 4000 (Re > 40000, turbulent flow).
c. Installation Head
The installation head is the energy generated by the pump where the flow is from the
suction direction towards the discharge.
- Head Static, consisting of:
• Pressure Head is the energy resulting from the pressure difference between the
suction area and the discharge of the pump.
• Elevation Head is the energy generated due to the difference in the height of the
suction area with the discharge area with the pump axis as the benchmark.
There are two kinds of suction pipe circuits, namely the suction head. A suction pipe
installation where the surface is above the axis of the pump.
Information
Hd = Head discharge (m)
Hs = Head suction (m)
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• Suction Elevator is a series of pipes in which the fluid surface lies below the axis
of the pump. The formula for finding a suction lift is:
Information
Hd = Head discharge (m)
Hs = Head suction (m)
- Dynamic Heads
Dynamic head is a pump head consisting of:
a. Head Loss Major
Before calculating the major head loss, the definition of pump head will be explained. The
pump head is the ability or energy possessed by a pump to move flow from one place to another,
which in this case moves the flow from the suction side (input) to the discharge side (output).
The unit used is meters.
Hf = f
Information
Hf = major head loss
L = pipe length (m)
v = Velocity of fluid flow (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
d = inner diameter of the pipe (m)
b. Minor Head Loss
Head Loss Minornamely the energy released due to changes in cross-section (Susanto,
2006), Minor Loss is the occurrence of changes in the direction including deflection, bending,
enlargement, and reduction of the cross-section. The energy released in the minor loss causes
collisions and friction due to turbulence in the pipe section.
h = k
Information
h = minor head loss (m)
k = coefficient of resistance
v = fluid velocity (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
k = elbow (1 piece)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Prototype Design
The prototype design for domestic wastewater treatment is the result of collecting data and
information through literature studies and field observations. The data and information
obtained regarding the weaknesses and strengths of domestic wastewater treatment prototypes
used in industry, aquaculture, and previous research, are then compared about the cause and
effect and the causal factors, in order to create basic answers that are applied to a prototype
design that is in accordance with the concept planned. The prototype design phase begins with
Prototype Design of Water Treatment Equipment Domestic Waste
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planning a series of prototype work schemes. The following is a working diagram of the
prototype of the waste processing equipment to be made. The work diagram for the prototype
of the waste treatment equipment can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Work diagram of the Wastewater Treatment Prototype
Based on the figure above, the prototype for a household wastewater treatment plant consists
of several components, consisting of a waste water container (input) in the form of a bucket
with a capacity of 20 liters in one process, the water in the input holding container is pumped
using a water pump that is connected by induction to transformer meter 48 V. Water is pumped
into the filter cartridge which has been filled with cotton, ferrite, and carbon in a sequential
arrangement and according to their respective functions. The top layer of the cartridge filter is
cotton, according to its function cotton can absorb impurities in wastewater, then the second
layer is ferrite. According to Said (1999), ferrite has a function to remove high levels of iron
(Fe), and produce a pungent iron-like odor. Then it can remove the Manganese content (Mn++)
and remove the yellow color in the water. The third layer is activated carbon which has the
function of purifying water by means of absorption or absorption, meaning that when a material
or object passes through the activated carbon, the material contained therein will be absorbed.
In the water filter process, activated carbon filters odors, clarifies and filters out metals
contained in water, then activated carbon can absorb salts, minerals, and organic compounds
in water (Bates, 2001).
After filtering in the cartridge filter, monitoring is carried out on flow meters, This
monitoring is carried out in order to determine the optimum amount of discharge for the tool
to produce filtered wastewater, the water is then carried out by a second filtration process,
namely the RO (Reverse Osmosis) process, the water is directed to the 75 GPD RO membrane.
RO is a filter that has a semi-permeable membrane and a pore size of 0.0001 microns which
can separate water from unwanted components, thereby obtaining water with a high level of
purity (Widiyanto et al., 2003). After the water comes out of the RO membrane, the filtered
household wastewater is collected in a storage container before it will be used as a medium for
fish farming. From the use of this tool, there is output water (waste) from the filtration process,
it's just that the waste that is released is clear, after designing the working scheme of the
prototype, the next step is to design the prototype design. The prototype design drawings for
household wastewater treatment tools can be seen in Figure 2.
Meter
Trasnformer
Induction
Water pump
Filter Catridge
Input
Ferolite
Carbon
Cotton
RO Membrane
Output
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Figure 2. Waste Treatment Prototype Design
In accordance with the theory written by William (2003) in designing the design of a tool
or machine there are several things that must be considered, including;
a. Make a simple design, because a simple design will facilitate the production and
maintenance process.
b. Using components (parts) that have been standardized.
c. Minimize machining activities.
d. Understanding manufacturing as one part to realize the product.
Calculation of Dimensions of the Wastewater Treatment Prototype
The calculation of the dimensions of the prototype carried out in this study aims to determine
the capacity of the head and pump used.
• Pump Head Calculation and Moody Diagram
- Static Heads
- Head Pressure
- Head Loss
• Calculation of the velocity of water flow in the connecting pipe
The two parameters that are always present in a pumping system are pipe diameter and flow
velocity. To calculate the velocity of water flow in the connecting pipe using the formula:
V =
Q = 4 lpm ; A = 3.14 x 0.9525 cm2
Pipe diameter ¾ inch = 1.905 cm
V = 1337.41 cm/min
V = 0.22m/s
So, the speed of the water flow through the waste treatment prototype connecting pipe is
0.22 m/s.
• Calculation of Head Loss on Suction
Renould Number (Re)
Container
Input
Water
Box
Water Pressure
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Re =
Then, there are 2 types of water flow through the pipe, namely laminar and turbulent flow
with certain criteria. To determine the type of flow used in the waste treatment prototype
research, the Reynolds number formula is used. The calculation of the Reynolds number
formula from this research is
Re= 7731421.07
Re= 8 x 107
From the calculation results obtained, the Re value in the study was 8 x 107, which means
that the flow produced in the prototype is turbulent flow because the Re value > 4000 so that
the flow is turbulent. Then to get the value to be included in the Moody Diagram, the relative
roughness of the pipe must also be known. In essence, if there is a large turbulent result, the
pipe will be rougher, while the relative roughness can be determined using the Relative pipe
roughness formula.
Relative pipe roughness =
=Absolute value of roughness
D = Diafrom the pipe
Relative pipe roughness =
= 0.0078
Plotting the Reynolds number and relative pipe roughness on the Moody diagram to get the
value of the friction coefficient can be seen in Figure 3 below.
Figure 3. Moody Coefficient of Friction Diagram
The moody diagram above shows the upper right corner is turbulent and the left is laminar,
to find out the friction factor, the relative hardness value of the pipe is seen from the right which
shows the number 0.0078, then the Reynolds number is at the bottom right showing the number
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8 x 107 and drawn to from the top to the cut, to the left and the friction factor value is 0.035.
Until the results obtained from the Moody Coefficient of Friction Diagram above are 0.035.
Head Loss Major
Before calculating the major head loss, the meaning of the pump head is that the energy in
the pump functions to move the fluid, which in this case moves the fluid from the suction
(input) side to the discharge (output) side. The unit used is meters.
Hf =f
Hf = major head loss; L = pipe length (m); v = speed of fluid flow (m/s); g
= acceleration due to gravity (m/s
2
); d = inner diameter of the pipe (m)
Hf = 0.035x
Hf = 0.6141 m
Head Loss Minor
Head Loss Minornamely the energy released due to changes in cross section (Zainudin et
al., 2012). The energy released at minor losses results in collisions between the liquid particles
and increases friction due to turbulence, non-uniform velocity distribution on a pipe cross-
section.
h =k
h = minor head loss (m); k = resistance coefficient;
v = fluid velocity (m/s);
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2); k = elbow (1 piece)
h = 1 x
h = 0.66122 m
Hl suction= Hl major + Hl minor
Head loss suction= 0.6141 m + 0.66122 m
Head loss suction= 1.27532 m
Head Loss Major (3/4inch)
Hf = f
Hf = 0.035 x
Hf = 0.988 m
Head Loss Minor(3/4inch)
h = k
h = 7.23x
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h = 4.77m
Head loss discharge¾ inch = major head loss + minor head loss
Hl dischargepipe ¾ inch = 0.988 m + 4.77 m
Hl loss dischargepipe ¾ inch = 5.758 m
• Total Head Loss
HL = Head loss suction + head loss discharge pipe ¾ inch
HL = 1.27532 m + 5.758 m
HL = 7.03332 m
• Head Totals
HT = Head Pressure + Head Static + Head Velocity + Head Loss
HT = 0 + 1m + 0 + 7.03332 m
HT = 8.03332 m
Calculation of Pump Power
P=
P = 7 watts
P =
P = 9 HP
Pump flow rate and pressure loss are indicators in determining or selecting a pump. Flow
rate (Q) = 4 lpm is 0.24 m3/hour, suction head loss = 1.27532 m and ¾ inch pipe head loss
discharge calculation is 5.758 m, power 7 watts or 9 HP. From these data, the RO pump
(booster pump) was chosen brand: Ko Jine Type: KJ-2000, with a maximum pressure of up to
150 psi, this pump is commonly used in membrane systems from 400 GPD to 500 GPD.
Specifications: DC Current, Voltage = 48 volts, Ampere = 3A, Flow Rate = 4 lpm, Maximum
Pump Output = 130 Psi. For this reason, a 2 GPM pump was selected
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Prototype Assembly
At this stage, the process of assembling materials and materials obtained from design
planning and calculation of prototype dimensions is carried out. From the results of design
planning and dimensional calculations, it can be seen the specifications of the materials and
dimensions of the components to be assembled into a prototype of a waste treatment tool with
a filtration system. The prototype assembly process in this study consists of several processes
which are described as follows:
a. The process of preparing tools and materials
Before assembling the prototype, first prepare the main equipment to be used such as
adapters, membrane housings, RO boosters. Then the supporting parts of the prototype are
filters, RO membranes, filter cartridges filled with carbon, cotton and ferroliter, RO pipes,
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744 2., 3., February 2023
faucet connectors, water mist sprayers, storage containers used with a capacity of 19 liters of
water.
1. Adapter
The type of adapter used in the prototype assembly process for domestic wastewater
treatment equipment is the Transformer model: S-184-015-2 with input AC 220 V – 240V
50/60 Hz and output: DC 48 V 3 A. The function of this adapter is connecting and as an electric
stabilizer that is used to operate the prototype of the domestic waste treatment equipment that
has been made.
2. Membrane Housings
The membrane housing is used as a membrane placement in the reverse osmosis (RO)
process, this housing membrane must be adjusted to the size of the RO membrane to be used.
In the research to lay the 150 GPd membrane using a fiberglass membrane housing which has
a diameter of 4 inches, has a pressure of 300 psi/20 bar and can be filled with several membrane
elements, consists of two types of connection locations, namely the side port model and the
end port model.
3. Boosterpump RO
The RO booster pump functions to push water into the reverse osmosis membrane, the
advantages of the RO booster pump compared to other types of pumps are using an adapter or
DC system, saving in the use of electric current, the sound of the pump is smooth, not noisy,
heat resistant even when used for a long time. The booster pump used in the assembly of
prototype waste treatment equipment is the KO JINE KJ-2000 brand with 4 LPM open flow
specifications, 48 VDC volts, 3 A, max pressure 150 psi.
b. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Equipment Prototype Assembly Process
After fulfilling several main and supporting components in assembling a prototype of a
domestic wastewater treatment tool, the assembly is carried out as follows:
- Installing the 150 GPd RO membrane into the RO membrane housing by first opening the
RO membrane plastic wrap (the part of the membrane that has black steal close to the lid)
then inserting a cartridge filter that has been filled with components of cotton, ferrolite and
activated carbon with a ratio of 25: 50: 25 into the in a 10 inch glass membrane housing and
closing and tightening the membrane housing using threads.
- Installing ¼ inch RO elbow fittings to connect RO hoses to other filter components,
connecting RO hoses of different sizes, namely ¼ inch RO hoses and 3/8 inch RO hoses
using a T RO connector. Then install the stop RO faucet on the RO hose in ¼ inch to the
outside RO hose 3/8. RO hoses are used with 2 types of sizes, namely to accelerate the
release of processed water in the storage container and the last is to install a mist spray on
the RO hose which produces treated wastewater that is clean and ready for reuse. The fuzzy
spray functions to break up a liquid, solution and suspension into liquid droplets (droplets)
or mist, with this tool the air humidity can increase, so that oxygen levels increase.
Results of Prototype Design of Domestic Waste Treatment Equipment
Results the design of a prototype for domestic sewage treatment is an innovation from the
existing prototype for wastewater treatment. The working principle of the domestic wastewater
treatment prototype is to utilize the nature of Reserve Osmosis (RO) itself, namely removing
Prototype Design of Water Treatment Equipment Domestic Waste
745 2., 3., February 2023
contaminants from water through a semi-permeable membrane. Water flows from the side that
is concentrated (more contaminants) from the RO merman to the less contaminant side to
provide wastewater treatment that has a value above quality standards and water that can be
reused, to get maximum processed waste results in the prototype using a work system 2 filters,
namely a membrane filter and a cartridge filter consisting of cotton, ferrolite and activated
carbon.
Figure 4. Prototype of Waste Water Treatment Equipment
In wastewater treatment using this prototype tool, it produces permeate or wastewater that
has undergone processing and also produces concentrated remaining water or rejected water,
however, the resulting rejected water has a value according to the waste water quality standards
that are allowed to be discharged into the environment and in the required amount. a little. The
RO membrane used in the prototype has very small pores measuring 0.00001 microns and is
able to block contaminants present in the waste but allows water molecules to flow. In the
working system of this prototype, the water becomes more concentrated when passing through
the membrane to achieve balance on both sides, when pressure is applied to the volume of
domestic wastewater during the treatment process in the prototype,
Stages of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Prototype Work System
Work on the prototype domestic wastewater treatment plant is the focal point of the reverse
osmosis system, but the prototype system also includes other types of filtration. The prototype
system consists of several other filtrations. The prototype system consists of a reverse osmosis
filter, a cotton filter, a ferrolite filter and a carbon filter which includes a filter cartridge. These
filters are called prefilters or postfilters and consist of the following filters:
• Cotton Filter: Reduces particles such as dirt, dust, and rust
• Ferrolite Filter: Reduces the content of iron (Fe) in high levels. the pungent smell of
iron, removes the murky color of the water.
• Carbon Filter: Reduces volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chlorine, and other
contaminants that give water an unpleasant taste or smell
• RO membrane: Removes up to 98% of total dissolved solids.
The working system when the prototype is turned on is as follows:
- When water first enters the RO system, it will go through prefiltration. Prefiltration
includes carbon filters, ferrolite filters and cotton filters contained in a single filter
cartridge unit with the function of each filter to remove sediment and chlorine which
can clog or damage the RO membrane.
- Next, the water passes through a reverse osmosis membrane where dissolved particles
are removed.
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- After filtering, the water flows into the temporary storage tank. The reverse osmosis
system continues to filter water until the storage tank is full and then turns off.
- Produced waste water that is clear and clean so that it can be reused as a fulfillment of
needs.
In running the prototype of this waste water treatment tool, a storage container or storage
container for treated water is needed because the system has a supply of treated water. The
course of the RO system is quite slow. It takes one minute to produce two to three liters of RO
water. If you turn on the faucet for a gallon of water at the actual membrane production rate,
then you have to wait at least a few minutes for it to fill up. With a storage tank, our gallons of
water can be filled immediately. The working system of this prototype domestic wastewater
treatment plant removes dissolved solids such as arsenic and fluoride through an RO
membrane. Carbon filters, ferrolite filters and RO filters remove chlorine, bad tastes and odors,
and cotton filters remove impurities. In addition, the reverse osmosis system also removes
fluorine, levels of salts, sludge, chlorine, arsenic, herbicides and pesticides and also removes
many other contaminants. Reverse osmosis can remove some bacteria, but bacteria can grow
on the membrane and have the potential to enter the water supply so to prevent this after the
water treatment process is carried out, a Reserve Osmosis (RO) membrane is washed because
the dirt (fouling) is filtered out and precipitated inside. For the filter system, the cotton filter
can be replaced for one time use and the carbon filter and ferrolite filter can be reused in the
following processes until they look dirty due to sediment. If they look dirty due to fouling,
replace the carbon and ferrolite filters. herbicides and pesticides and also removes many other
contaminants. Reverse osmosis can remove some bacteria, but bacteria can grow on the
membrane and have the potential to enter the water supply so to prevent this after the water
treatment process is carried out, a Reserve Osmosis (RO) membrane is washed because the dirt
(fouling) is filtered out and precipitated inside. For the filter system, the cotton filter can be
replaced for one time use and the carbon filter and ferrolite filter can be reused in the following
processes until they look dirty due to sediment. If they look dirty due to fouling, replace the
carbon and ferrolite filters. herbicides and pesticides and also removes many other
contaminants. Reverse osmosis can remove some bacteria, but bacteria can grow on the
membrane and have the potential to enter the water supply so to prevent this after the water
treatment process is carried out, a Reserve Osmosis (RO) membrane is washed because the dirt
(fouling) is filtered out and precipitated inside. For the filter system, the cotton filter can be
replaced for one time use and the carbon filter and ferrolite filter can be reused in the following
processes until they look dirty due to sediment. If they look dirty due to fouling, replace the
carbon and ferrolite filters.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion in research activities it can be concluded as follows
1. Designing a prototype of a domestic wastewater treatment tool using a filtration system is
the right alternative for treating wastewater to produce clean water that can be reused to
meet daily life needs.
2. The filter components used in the prototype system for domestic waste processing
equipment have been able toreduce the efficiency of organic and inorganic substances so
as to produce water quality values according to quality standards.
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747 2., 3., February 2023
3. The domestic wastewater treatment system using the prototype can precipitate floc
optimally so that froth is not formed which is difficult to settle.
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