JOSR: Journal of Social Research
November 2022, 1 (12), 659-669
p-ISSN: 2827-9832 e-ISSN: 2828-335x
Available online at http:// https://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr
http://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr
ANALYSIS OF MICRO NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION AND
FERRITIN LEVELS OF ADOLESCENT WOMEN IN GIANYAR
REGENCY, BALI PROVINCE
Ida Ayu Eka Padmiari, Pande Putu Sri Sugiani
Jurusan Gizi Poltekkes Kemenkes Denpasar
eka_padmiari@yahoo.co.id
Abstrak (indonesia)
Received:
Revised :
Accepted:
November 17,
2022
November 19,
2022
November 21,
2022
Latar Belakang: Berdasarkan Riskesdas tahun 2018
menunjukkan prevalensi anemia pada wanita usia subur
(WUS) di Indonesia sebesar 23,7% dengan penderita anemia
usia 5-14 tahun sebesar 26,8%, penderita anemia usia 15-24
tahun sebesar 32,0%, anemia usia 25 tahun. -34 tahun
sebesar 15,1% dan penderita anemia usia 35-44 tahun
sebesar 16,7%. Di Bali penelitian tentang prevalensi anemia
pada remaja sepengetahuan penulis masih sangat minim.
Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian tahun pertama ini adalah untuk
mengetahui hubungan konsumsi zat gizi mikro dengan kadar
ferritin pada remaja putri di Kabupaten Gianyar Provinsi
Bali. Tujuan pada tahun kedua adalah untuk mengetahui
efektivitas zat besi folat dan Multi Micronutrient
Supplements (MMS) pada remaja putri yang kadar
hemoglobin atau feritinnya di bawah normal. Penelitian ini
merupakan studi epidemiologi gizi masyarakat yang akan
dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Gianyar Provinsi Bali, tahun
pertama bulan Maret sampai Oktober 2021 dan tahun kedua
bulan Maret sampai Oktober 2022.
Metode: Metode penelitian tahun pertama menggunakan uji
coba masyarakat dengan Desain Cross Sectional dengan
jumlah sampel 168 sampel. Tahun kedua dengan desain
subjek yang berbeda dengan jumlah sampel 86 sampel yang
terdiri dari 43 kelompok kontrol dan 43 kelompok perlakuan.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian pada tahun 1 (2021) menunjukkan
bahwa kadar Ferritin remaja putri di Kabupaten Gianyar
Provinsi Bali menunjukkan 29,2% dalam kategori rendah
(<30 g/l) dan 4,8% dalam kategori tinggi (>160 g/l). /l), Rata-
rata konsumsi mikronutrien remaja putri di Kabupaten
Gianyar Provinsi Bali yaitu zat besi (55%), seng (74,25%),
asam folat (31,7%) dan vitamin C (39,2%), ada hubungan
Konsumsi Zat Gizi Mikro yaitu Asam Folat dan Zinc dengan
kadar feritin, sedangkan konsumsi Zat Besi dan Vitamin C
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ANALYSIS OF MICRO NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION AND FERRITIN LEVELS OF
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dengan kadar feritin pada remaja putri di Kabupaten Gianyar
Provinsi Bali tidak ada hubungan.
Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan antara konsumsi zat gizi mikro
yaitu Asam Folat dan Zinc dengan kadar feritin, sedangkan
tidak ada hubungan antara konsumsi zat besi dan Vitamin C
dengan kadar feritin pada remaja putri di Kabupaten Gianyar
Provinsi Bali.
Kata kunci: kadar feritin; konsumsi besi; konsumsi vitamin
C; konsumsi asam folat; konsumsi seng.
Abstract (English)
Background: Based on Riskesdas, 2018 shows that the
prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age (WUS)
in Indonesia is 23.7% with anemia sufferers aged 5-14
years at 26.8%, anemia sufferers aged 15-24 years at
32.0%, anemia aged 25-34 years by 15.1% and anemia
patients aged 35-44 years by 16.7%. In Bali, research on
the prevalence of anemia in adolescents as far as the
author's knowledge is still very minimal.
Objective: The purpose of this research in the first year is
to determine the relationship between consumption of
micronutrients and ferritin levels in adolescent girls in
Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. The aim in the second
year was to determine the effectiveness of iron folate and
Multi Micronutrient Supplements (MMS) in adolescent
girls whose hemoglobin or ferritin levels were below
normal. This research is an epidemiological study of
community nutrition that will be carried out in Gianyar
Regency, Bali Province, the first year from March to
October 2021 and the second year from March to October
2022.
Methods: The first year research method used a community
trial with a Cross Sectional design with a sample size of 168
samples. The second year with a different subject design
with a sample size of 86 samples consisting of 43 control
groups and 43 treatment groups.
Results: The results of the study in year 1 (2021) showed
that the Ferritin levels of adolescent girls in Gianyar
Regency, Bali Province showed 29.2% in the low category
(<30 g/l) and 4.8% in the high category (>160 g/l), The
average consumption of micronutrients for adolescent girls
in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province, namely iron (55%),
zinc (74.25%), folic acid (31.7%) and vitamin C (39.2%),
there is a relationship Consumption of Micronutrients,
namely Folic Acid and Zinc with ferritin levels, while there
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ANALYSIS OF MICRO NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION AND FERRITIN LEVELS OF
ADOLESCENT WOMEN IN GIANYAR REGENCY, BALI PROVINCE
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is no relationship between consumption of iron and Vitamin
C with ferritin levels in adolescent girls in Gianyar
Regency, Bali Province
Conslusion: There is a relationship between consumption
of micronutrients, namely Folic Acid and Zinc with ferritin
levels, while there is no relationship between consumption
of iron and Vitamin C with ferritin levels in young women
in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province.
Keywords: Ferritin levels; iron consumption; consumption
of vitamin C; consumption of folic acid; zinc consumption.
*Correspondent Author : Ida Ayu Eka Padmiari
Email : eka_padmiari@yahoo.co.id
INTRODUCTION
Anemia is a nutritional problem that often occurs in adolescents, especially young
women. Anemia is a continuation of the impact of lack of macronutrients (carbohydrates,
protein, fat) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals). In young women, the need for iron
increases because they experience periodic menstruation which releases a certain amount
of iron every month. This increase in the need for total blood volume is often not followed
by adequate iron consumption, especially when young women tend to want to have a
slimmer body, so they often make various efforts, including doing a strict diet. Anemia is
a medical condition in which the hemoglobin level is less than normal. Normal Hb levels
in adolescent girls are > 12 g/dl. Adolescent girls are said to be anemic if the Hb level is
<12 g/dl (Asfuah & Proverawati, 2009). Anemia is characterized by symptoms of tiredness,
lethargy, pale, lack of energy, lack of appetite and cold hands and feet. These symptoms
must be addressed immediately so as not to cause a more serious impact on the quality of
human resources. The impact of anemia on adolescents includes decreased ability and
concentration in learning, interferes with growth, decreases physical abilities, decreases
endurance and work productivity and decreased fitness (Organization, 2006).
Anemia is a health problem throughout the world, especially developing countries
where an estimated 30% of the world's population suffers from anemia. Anemia is common
in society, especially in adolescents and pregnant women. Anemia in adolescent girls is
still quite high, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In 2013, the
prevalence of anemia in the world ranged from 40-88%. (Organization, 2019). According
to 2013 Basic Health Research data, the prevalence of anemia in Indonesia is 21.7%, with
a distribution of 20.6% in urban areas and 22.8% in rural areas and the proportion of men
18.4% and 23.9 % woman. Meanwhile, based on age group, patients with anemia aged 5-
14 years were 26.4% and 18.4% were in the age group 15-24 years. Based on
(RISKESDAS, 2018) shows that the prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing age
(WUS) in Indonesia is 23.7% with anemic patients aged 5-14 years at 26.8%, anemia
patients aged 15-24 years at 32.0% , 15.1% of anemic patients aged 25-34 years and anemic
patients aged 35-44 years were 16.7%. The prevalence of anemia in women of childbearing
age (WUS) in Bali based on the results of Riskesdas in 2013 was 10.8%. The World Health
Organization (WHO) targets to reduce anemia by 50 percent in 2025 for women of
childbearing age (WUS) aged 15-49 years. In Bali, research on the prevalence of anemia
in adolescents as far as the author's knowledge is still very minimal. Anemia can cause
fatigue, decreased learning concentration so that learning achievement is low and can
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reduce work productivity. In addition, it also lowers the body's resistance so that it is easy
to get infections. The high prevalence of anemia among adolescents if not handled properly
will continue into adulthood and contribute greatly to maternal mortality, premature birth,
and babies with low birth weight. According to research results showed that 11.4% of
subjects had anemia. Subjects with energy and protein intake in the less category are 37.1%
and 50%. Intake of vitamins and micronutrients of the subject is still lacking, namely
vitamin B2 by 72.9%, zinc 68.6%, iron 92.9%, and folic acid 90% and most of the subjects
(68.6%) their vitamin C intake belongs to the category good.
Based on research conducted by Rossita Denistikasari in 2016 it was found that
most of the students with low iron (Fe) intake and had anemia as many as 22 students
(84.6%) and students with good iron intake and 5 students (41, 7%). Based on the results
that have been tested, it is known and there is a relationship between intake of iron (Fe) and
the incidence of anemia in female students of SMK Aviation Bina Dhirgantara
Karanganyar. Based on this background, it encourages the author to examine the Analysis
of Micronutrient Consumption and Ferritin Levels of Young Women in Gianyar Regency,
Bali Province.
RESEARCH METHOD
This type of observational research with the research design used is cross sectional
(Stevens, Sanders, Ward, McManus, & Heneghan, 2011). This research was carried out on
high school students located throughout Gianyar Regency in Bali Province in May -
Oktober 2022. The sample was part of the population, namely young women at SMAN 1
Gianyar and SMAN 1 Payangan located in Gianyar Regency in Bali Province. the number
of samples as many as 168 samples taken by purposive sampling. The tools used are the
Easy Touch GCHb brand hemoglobin check tool to check hemoglobin levels, clot activator
tube to store blood to be checked for ferritin levels, sample biodata questionnaire and food
recall form.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The samples in this study were high school students in the Gianyar district and high school
students in Payangan district, Gianyar district. The sample in this study selected 168
students of SMAN 1 Gianyar and SMAN 1 Payangan students. When grouped by age, most
of the students were 16 years old (63%), 17 years old by 32%, 15 years old (4%), and 18
years old (1%). The average hemoglobin level of the sample was 11.9 mg/dl with a
minimum value of 8.5 mg/dl and the highest being 14.8 mg/dl. From these results 53.6% of
the sample did not experience anemia and 46.4% had anemia
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Figure 1
Distribution of Sample Hb Levels
The lowest sample ferritin level was 2.6 g/l and the highest was 375.2 g/l with an average
of 57.3 g/l . Most of the samples (66.1%) had normal ferritin levels, 29.2% samples had
low ferritin levels and 4.8% had high ferritin levels. Because only a few samples with high
ferritin content percentage category (4.8%) then in the next analysis stage the distribution
of sample ferritin levels was only divided into 2 categories, namely low (<30) and
Normal/high (>30).
Table 1
Distribution of Sample Ferritin Levels
Ferritin Levels
Observations
f
%
Normal/high
119
70,8
Low
49
29,2
Total
168
100,0
Consumption of Nutrients
Measurement of nutrient consumption in the sample is seen from the consumption of
macronutrients and micronutrients (Vitamin C, Folic acid, Zinc and Iron). The
measurement results show the average energy consumption of the sample is 59.1% where
the lowest value is 19.4% and the highest is 138.6%, while the average protein and fat
consumption is 80.4% and 56.4%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average consumption of
micronutrients are Vitamin C (39.2%), Folic acid (31.7%), Zinc (74.23%) and Iron (55%).
For simplification of the analysis, at the next stage of analysis the consumption of nutrients
is divided into two categories, namely Enough and Less.
Based on the age of the samples aged 15 and 18 years, none had high ferritin levels, but
samples aged 16 and 17 years experienced high ferritin levels respectively 1.2% and 3.6%.
Based on Hb levels, samples with anemia had high ferritin levels of 3.6%, 29.2% sufficient
and 13.7% low. Samples that were not anemic had a high ferritin level of 1.2%, 36.9%
sufficient and 15.5% low. For simplification of the analysis, in the next stage of analysis,
the Hb and ferritin levels are divided into only two categories, namely Enough and Less.
The distribution results are as presented in table 14. After statistically analysis, the results
show that there is no relationship between Hb levels and Ferritin levels with p value =
0.658. For more clarity, it can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2
Distribution of Hb Levels and Ferritin Levels
Hb Levels
Kadar Feritin
Normal
Low
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f
%
f
%
Normal
55
46,2
23
45,9
Anemia
64
53,8
26
53,1
Total
119
100,0
49
100
Consumption of Macro Nutrients
Distribution of Consumption of Energy, Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates and Ferritin
Levels of the samples showed varying results. For simplification of the analysis, at the next
stage of analysis the consumption of nutrients is divided into two categories, namely
Enough and Less. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship
between consumption of energy, protein and carbohydrates with ferritin levels in the
sample with p value <0.05, while fat consumption had no relationship with ferritin levels
with p value> 0.05. For more details can be seen in table 3.
Table 3
Distribution of Consumption of Energy, Protein, Fat and Carbohydrates and Ferritin Level
Consumption
Ferritin Levels
Energy
High/Normal
Low
Total
N
%
n
%
n
%
Over
2
1,2
0
0,0
2
1,2
Fine
14
8,4
4
2,4
18
10,7
Enough
18
10,7
4
2,4
22
13,1
Less
85
50,6
41
24,4
126
75,0
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Protein
High/Normal
Low
Total
n
%
n
%
n
%
Over
14
8,3
0
0,0
14
8,3
Fine
20
11,9
9
5,4
29
17,3
Enough
38
22,6
17
10,1
55
32,7
Less
47
28,0
23
13,7
70
41,7
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Lipid
High/Normal
Low
Total
N
%
n
%
n
%
Over
6
3,6
0
0,0
6
3,6
Fine
7
4,2
2
1,2
9
5,4
Enough
21
12,5
11
6,5
32
19,0
Less
85
50,6
36
21,4
121
72,0
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Carbohydrate
High/Normal
Low
Total
N
%
n
%
n
%
Over
2
1,2
0
0,0
2
1,2
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Fine
12
7,2
4
2,4
16
9,5
Enough
16
9,5
4
2,4
20
11,9
Less
89
53,0
41
24,4
130
77,4
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Consumption of Iron and Ferritin Levels
Based on the consumption of iron (Fe) samples, it can be seen that samples with
iron consumption above > 15 mg had low ferritin levels as much as 2.4%, Normal 4.8%
and none had high ferritin levels. For simplification of the analysis, at the next stage of
analysis the consumption of nutrients is divided into two categories, namely Enough and
Less. The results of statistical tests showed that there was no relationship between iron
consumption and ferritin levels in the samples with p value > 0.05.
Table 4
Distribution of Iron Consumption and Ferritin Levels
Iron Consumption
Ferritin Levels
High/Normal
Low
Total
n
%
n
%
n
%
> 15 mg
8
4,7
4
2,4
12
7,1
<15 mg
111
66,1
45
26,8
156
92,9
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Consumption of Folic Acid and Ferritin Levels
The consumption of folic acid in the sample showed that the sample whose consumption of
folic acid was above > 400 mcg had low and high ferritin levels, while the ferritin level
was normal at 3.6%. as much as 2.4%. The results of folic acid consumption below 400
mcg showed normal ferritin levels as much as 62.5%, low 29.2% and high as much as
4.8%. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between folic acid
consumption and ferritin levels in the sample with a p value of < 0.05. The distribution of
folic acid consumption levels with ferritin levels is shown in table 5.
Table 5
Distribution of Folic Acid Consumption and Ferritin Levels
Consumption
Ferritin Levels
Folic Acid
Normal
Low
Total
N
%
n
%
n
%
> 400 mcg
6
3,6
0
0,0
6
3,6
<400 mcg
113
67,3
49
29,2
162
96,4
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Consumption of Vitamin C and Ferritin Levels
Based on the consumption of vitamin C, the sample showed that the sample whose
consumption of vitamin C was above > 75 mg had a low ferritin level of 4.85, normal
10.1% and high as much as 2.4%. The results of vitamin C consumption below 75 mg
showed normal ferritin levels as much as 56.0%, low 23.8% and high as much as 3.0%.
The results of statistical tests showed that there was no relationship between vitamin C
consumption and ferritin levels in the sample with p>0.05. The distribution of vitamin C
consumption levels with ferritin levels is shown in table 6.
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Table 6
Distribution of Vitamin C Consumption and Ferritin Levels
Consumption
Ferritin Levels
Vitamin
C
Normal
Low
Total
f
%
f
%
f
%
> 75 mg
21
12,6
8
4,7
29
17,3
<75 mg
98
58,3
41
24,4
139
82,7
Total
119
70,9
49
29,2
168
100,0
Consumption of Zinc and Ferritin Levels
Based on the consumption of zinc, the sample shows that the sample whose consumption of
zinc is above > 9 mg does not have low ferritin levels, while those with normal ferritin
levels are 6.5% and high are 1.8%. The results of zinc consumption below 9 mg showed
normal ferritin levels as much as 59.5%, low 29.2% and high as much as 3.0%. The results
of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between zinc consumption and
ferritin levels in the sample with p <0.05. The distribution of zinc consumption levels with
ferritin levels is shown in table 7
Table 7
Distribution of Zinc Consumption and Ferritin Levels
Consumption
Ferritin Levels
Zinc
Normal
Low
Total
N
%
n
%
n
%
> 9 mg
14
7,4
0
0,0
6
7,4
< 9 mg
105
62,4
49
29,2
162
92,6
Total
119
70,8
49
29,2
168
100,0
DISCUSSION
In general, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between
consumption of micronutrients and ferritin levels in adolescent girls in Gianyar Regency,
Bali Province. In order to achieve these goals, there are several specific objectives, namely
Determining Ferritin Levels of Young Women, Determining Consumption of Micro
Nutrients (Iron, Zinc, Folic Acid and Vitamin C) for Young Women and analyzing the
relationship between Consumption of Micro Nutrients (Iron, Zinc, Folic Acid) and Vitamin
C) with ferritin levels in adolescent girls in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. The results
showed that the prevalence of anemia in the sample was quite high, namely 46.4%. This
shows a lower number than the research of Lukman Dwi Priyanto (2018) which found the
incidence of anemia at 83.90% in students with Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) education.
There is no significant relationship between age, level of education and physical activity
with the incidence of anemia in female students of Husada Poskestren Pondok Pesantren
X Surabaya (Priyanto, 2018). This study also showed that there was a relationship between
the age of the sample and the occurrence of anemia (p<0.05) where the sample aged 16
and 17 years experienced anemia.
The ferritin level of the sample showed 29.2% was in the low category (<30 g/ml) and 4.8%
was in the high category (>160 g/ml). After statistical tests, it was found that there was no
relationship between the incidence of anemia and ferritin levels in the sample. This is in
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accordance with the research of Norashikin, 2006 with a study sample of 92 people where
there is no relationship between hemoglobin levels and ferritin levels in blood donors in
Malaysia (r2 = 0.05) with an average serum ferritin level in the sample of 62.0 g/ l and
average Hb 14.9
Energy is needed by teenagers for the body's metabolic processes. Lack of energy nutrient
intake may be caused by the inadequate intake of some young women. The density of school
activities and not balanced with adequate food intake. Consumption of nutrients, especially
energy, showed low results, namely the average energy consumption of the sample was
59.1%. This is the same as Agustina's research, 2018 that there is a significant relationship
between energy intake, protein, iron, and menstrual patterns with the incidence of anemia
in adolescent girls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the most
influential variable on the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls was protein intake.
Protein functions as a builder, regulator and fuel for the body's metabolism. Protein is a
provider of amino acids which are components of all cells in the body. Transferrin and
ferritin are proteins that help transport and store iron. Lack of protein intake can result in
low levels of hemoglobin which is the binding protein of globin and heme. Low protein
consumption can be caused because protein consumption is dominated by vegetable
protein rather than animal protein which should be balanced. Protein is used for the
growth process and as an energy reserve if energy intake is lacking. Consumption of
protein is quite good even though it is still below 100%, namely 80.4%, while fat is quite
low, namely 56.4%.
Consumption of macronutrients, especially iron, showed that the average consumption of
samples was very low, namely 55%, Vitamin C 39.2%, folic acid 31.7%. Iron is the main
component of hemoglobin which functions to synthesize hemoglobin. Excess iron in the
form of the protein ferritin is stored in the liver, spinal cord, spleen and muscles. An
imbalance will occur if iron stores are not sufficient for the formation of red blood cells,
resulting in decreased serum ferritin and iron deficiency anemia occurs. Iron has an
important role in the body, including helping hemoglobin transport oxygen and helping
various enzymes bind oxygen for the body's metabolism/burning process. The need for iron
in adolescents increases from before adolescence by 0.7-0.9 mg Fe/day to 2.2 mg Fe/day,
during heavy menstruation the need for Fe increases, adolescent iron needs by 26 mg/day.
The lack of iron intake, which mostly occurs in adolescent girls, can be caused because
most of the respondents did not take Fe supplements because there was no distribution of
blood-added tablets from school during the pandemic. Low knowledge of anemia can be a
factor that may cause a lack of nutritional intake with low iron content. Different results
are shown in Adhisti's research (2011) in Agustina (2018) about the relationship between
anthropometric status and nutritional intake with adolescent Hb and ferritin levels (Aji et
al., 2021). Women with the result that there was no significant relationship between
nutritional intake with Hb levels and ferritin levels. Very low iron consumption causes
anemia in adolescent girls in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. When viewed iron
consumption is quite good even though it is still below 100%, which is 74.25%. The results
of data collection on consumption are not much different from several studies, such as this
is in line with research by Ghassani Putri, 2016 which shows that there is no significant
effect between protein, iron, and vitamin C intake and serum ferritin levels (p > 0.05) in
the category normal nutritional status. Iron intake was significantly and positively
correlated with serum ferritin (p<0.05) in overweight status (Sanad, Osman, & Gharib,
2011). Based on the results of observations on 149 young women at SMPN 9 Cimahi, it is
known that protein intake is 43.6% less and vitamin C intake is less as much as 42.3%.
Intake data was obtained using a questionnaire and the Semi Quantitative Food frequency
Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) table. Of the 71 female students aged 16-18 years observed at
SMK Mahfilud Duror II, 50 students (70.4%) had a protein intake deficit and 68 (95.8%).
Intake data obtained through interviews and food recall calculations 2 x 24 hours (Sahay
et al., 2020). From the results of recall interviews, it is known that students of SMK
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Mahfilud Durror II often consume sweet tea and almost every day consume junk food in
the form of sausages. In 70 young women who were observed at SMA Negeri 2 Purwokerto
aged 15-17 years, it was found that 42 people (60%) lack protein intake and 62 people
(88.6%) less vitamin C intake. Intake data was obtained from an open questionnaire in the
form of a food recall form. The results of observations of 44 students of class X at SMAN 4
Surabaya revealed that 13 people had less protein intake (59.1%) and 19 people lacked
vitamin C intake (86.3%). The level of consumption is measured by food recall 2x24 hours
with non-consecutive days (weekends and weekdays) (Tan et al., 2021). In 202 students at
SMP Negeri 22 Jambi City, it was observed that 199 people (98.5%) lack protein intake
and 163 people (80.7%) with less frequency of eating. Intake data was obtained from a
questionnaire. Of the 100 young women who were observed at Pancur Batu Junior High
School, Deli Serdang Regency, it was found that protein intake was less than 44% and
vitamin C intake was less than 85%. Intake data was obtained from an open questionnaire
in the form of a 24-hour food recall form. The results of the recall interview revealed that
students at Pancur Batu Junior High School, Deli Serdang Regency often consumed staple
foods in the form of rice, animal dishes such as eggs and fish. Vegetable side dish that is
often consumed is tempeh. The most consumed fruits are oranges and bananas. And often
consume meatballs, chicken noodles, fried foods, and donuts. The results of 76 female
students who were observed at SMK Negeri 1 Mangosteen were found to have 34 students
(44.7%) lacking protein intake and 41 (53.9%). The frequency of eating less than three
times a day 23 people (30.3%). Intake data was obtained using a questionnaire and the
Semi Quantitative Food frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) table. A recent Cochrane
review published in March 2019, found several advantages of multiple micronutrient
supplements compared to iron and zinc supplements.
These advantages include: Reducing the number of babies born weighing < 2500
grams, Reducing the number of small babies based on gestational mass, Reducing the
number of babies born at < 37 weeks' gestation. However, multiple supplements were not
found to provide benefits or risks for maternal and infant mortality rates, anemia in third
trimester pregnant women, the incidence of abortion, the need for cesarean section, and
congenital anomalies. Micronutrient supplementation is relatively safe for consumption
because it has almost no side effects. Although Sudfelt, et al are concerned about the
possible increased risk of neonatal death in mothers taking micronutrient supplements. The
results of existing studies refute this.
CONCLUSION
1. Ferritin levels in adolescent girls in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province showed 29.2%
in the low category (<30 g/l) and 70.8% in the high/Normal category (>160 g/l).
2. Average Consumption of Micronutrients for Young Women in Gianyar Regency,
Bali Province, namely Iron (55%), Zinc (74.25%), Folic Acid (31.7%) and Vitamin
C (39.2%).
3. There is a relationship between consumption of micronutrients, namely Folic Acid
and Zinc with ferritin levels, while there is no relationship between consumption
of iron and Vitamin C with ferritin levels in young women in Gianyar Regency,
Bali Province.
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terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA)
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
