JOSR: Journal of Social Research
November 2022, 1 (12), 448-458
p-ISSN: 2827-9832 e-ISSN: xxxx-xxxx
Available online at http:// https://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr
http://ijsr.internationaljournallabs.com/index.php/ijsr
ANALYSIS OF IMPACT MITIGATION POLICY AND
GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT PT XYZ
Djoko Suharyanto1*, Iman Basriman2, Tatan Sukwika3
Fakultas Paska Sarjana, Prodi Manajemen K3L Universitas Sahid Jakarta1*, 2, 3
djoko.suharyanto@gmail
Abstrak (indonesia)
Received:10
Oktober
2022
Revised :20
Oktober
2022
Accepted:28
Oktober
2022
Latar Belakang: Isu lingkungan kini telah menjadi
topik yang sangat penting bagi perhatian negara-
negara di seluruh dunia, terutama upaya pencegahan
perubahan iklim dengan memitigasi dampak rumah
kaca.
Tujuan: bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan
mitigasi dampak dan strategi pengurangan GRK
yang dilakukan oleh PT XYZ sebagai salah satu
industri manufaktur yang berkomitmen untuk
berkontribusi dalam mitigasi dampak gas rumah
kaca
Metode: metode AHP, dipengaruhi oleh penilaian ini.
Matriks perbandingan berpasangan, atau matriks
perbandingan berpasangan yang berisi tingkat
preferensi dari beberapa pilihan untuk setiap kriteria,
digunakan untuk mengatur temuan penilaian ini.
Hasil: menghasilkan emisi CO
2
tertinggi adalah
akibat penggunaan Mesin-mesin Produksi di Lokasi
factory 1 sebesar 14.599 Ton.CO
2
eq pertahun, Atau
37% dari total emisi CO
2
di perusahaan ini,
kemudian tertinggi kedua adalah dari lokasi factory
5 yaitu 14.311 Ton.CO
2
eq.
Kesimpulan: Maka PT XYZ dapat melakukan
kebijakan Menurunkan emisi CO
2
dengan mitigasi
melakukan pengurangan (Reduce) pada penggunaan
energi listrik. Prioritas nya adalah pada
pengoperasian mesin-mesin produksi di lokasi
Factory 1. Strategi yang dilakukan antara lain
mengganti mesin-mesin tua yang sudah tidak
effisien dengan mesin-mesin baru yang lebih
produktif, effisien dalam penggunaan listriknya,
penggunaan teknologi tinggi Serta merubah Layout
Djoko Suharyanto / JOSR: Journal of Social Research, 1(12), 448-458
Analysis Of Impact Mitigation Policy And Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies At
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atau tata letak mesin yang lebih ringkas dan
dikelompokan berdasarkan jenis produknya.
Kata kunci: Perubahan iklim; Dampak GRK;
Mitigasi dan Strategi
Abstract (English)
Background: Environmental issues have now
become a very important topic for the attention of
countries around the world, especially efforts to
prevent climate change by mitigating the greenhouse
effect.
Objective: aims to analyze the impact mitigation
policies and GHG reduction strategies carried out by
PT XYZ as one of the manufacturing industries that
is committed to contributing to the mitigation of
greenhouse gas impacts.
Methods: AHP method, is affected by this
assessment. Pairwise comparison matrices, or
pairwise comparison matrices containing the
preference levels of several options for each
criterion, were used to organize the findings of this
assessment.
Results: which produces the highest CO2 emissions
due to the use of Production Machinery in Factory 1
location of 14,599 Ton.CO2eq per year, or 37% of
the total CO2 emissions in this company, then the
second highest is from factory 5 location, namely
14,311 Ton.CO2 eq.
Conslusion: So PT XYZ can carry out a policy of
reducing CO2 emissions by reducing the use of
electrical energy. The priority is on the operation of
production machines at the Factory 1 location. The
strategies carried out include replacing old machines
that are no longer efficient with new machines that
are more productive, efficient in electricity use, use
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of high technology and changing the layout or
layout. the location of the machine is more compact
and grouped by type of product.
Keywords: Climate change; GHG impacts;
Mitigation and Strategy
*Correspondent Author : Djoko Suharyanto
Email : djoko.suharyanto@gmail.com
BACKGROUND
There are six types of greenhouse gases that are harmful to humans
because they can cause greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming,
namely Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O),
Hydroperfluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (CFCs), Sulfur Hexafluoride (
SF6) . Emissions from various greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide,
produce a greenhouse effect (Shaikh et al., 2018). Currently these gases are mixed
in the air (atmosphere). Earth's temperature rises to 13°C as a result of this layer
reflecting back infrared heat from the sun. The more greenhouse gases there are,
the higher the earth's temperature will be. Increased concentrations of GHGs
contribute to climate change by trapping excessive heat in the atmosphere and
destroying stratospheric ozone (Foges & Young, 2017). Under natural conditions
the Greenhouse Effect is necessary to reduce the extreme temperature difference
between day and night. One of the greatest threats to humanity is climate change,
and it requires urgent action (Soutter & Mõttus, 2020). CO2 accounts for 76.7%
of all GHG emissions (Wahyudi et al., 2016). Industrial activities are suspected to
be one of the sources of CO2 emissions. Industry must have a commitment to
mitigate CO2 emission reduction, in line with the Presidential Regulation of the
Republic of Indonesia No. 61 of 2011 concerning Action Plans.
Mitigation policies are needed to control the growth of CO2 emission
production from the sector, the risk of emission growth can increase. In a
revolutionary way, lifestyles and luxuries obtained by consuming too high energy
need to be reduced (Bilgili et al., 2015). In the industrial sector, the use of energy,
especially the energy of BBF (Fossil Fuels), production processes, and waste are
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sources of greenhouse gas emissions. In industry, manufacturing processes are
highly dependent on energy. Energy is required for the production of steam, motor
fuel, furnace fuel, boiler fuel for steam production, and other industrial
applications. Due to worsening environmental problems, such as climate change,
stakeholders place greater demands and pressure on companies to care about the
environment. The presence of carbon accounting is a supplement to the adoption
of the Kyoto Protocol (Pratiwi et al., 2021). To reduce emissions or increase GHG
absorption and conversion capacity, mitigation is a policy measure required. The
implementation of GHG emission mitigation consists of 4 main strategies
(Wahyudi et al., 2016). Namely: Elimination: Avoiding or eliminating activities
that use equipment that can cause GHG emissions. Example: Using manual
equipment that does not use electrical energy. Reduction: Doing efficiency when
using equipment that requires electrical energy. Example: Turning off lights when
not in use, unplugging cables when equipment is not in use, etc. Substitution:
Replacing or changing technology that is more efficient and has lower CO2
emissions. Example: Replacing incandescent bulbs with LEDs, changing PLN's
energy sources to solar power, etc. Offset: Increase absorption of CO2 emissions.
Example: Expanding Green Space, Reforestation (Reforestation), etc.
Calculating GHG Emissions: Electricity is one of the energy sources that
people need for their daily life. Most people in the world, especially in Indonesia,
use electricity 24 hours a day to help them carry out their activities (Paulus BK &
Ninin G, 2016). Meanwhile, the Energy Sector is currently still using BBF (Fossil
Fuels) so that without control and control in the energy sector, this non-renewable
natural resource will run out more quickly. So that the energy sector becomes a
priority. It is necessary to implement clean industrial processes and production
because it will increase the efficiency of the use of raw materials and energy
(Muryani, 2018).
The calculation of GHG emissions begins with the identification of the
emission scope (Scope Emission) in the company (Industry). Greenhouse gas
emissions produced by an industry consist of three categories (Awanthi &
Navaratne, 2018). namely: Scope 1 is carbon emissions from activities that we can
control directly, Example: the use of boilers, generators, and other fossil fuel-
powered tools and facilities, as well as company operational vehicles for the
movement of people and goods (transport). Scope 2 is emission from energy that
we get or import from external sources, such as: steam that we get from external
sources or electricity that we get from PLN. Scope 3 is emissions produced by
parties who provide goods for company. Except for the difficulty of accessing
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data and the relatively small number of them, emissions from scope 3 are rarely
calculated.
From the three scopes above, PT XYZ as the object of research is included
in Scope 1 and 2. Because it has activities that produce emissions but can be
controlled directly. For example Boilers and company operational vehicles. and
Energy used for production operations is purchased or obtained from outside
(suppliers) namely PLN and other examples of driving production process
machines, Furnace Fuel (Furnaces for melting and Casting). In general, fuel
combustion emissions are energy emissions, not emissions from industrial
processes. The term “Tier” is the degree of accuracy of the calculations used in
GHG data collection activities.
Based on the Standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) there are 3 Tiers (Sunarti et al., 2019). namely: Tier 1: Estimates are based
on IPCC default activity data and emission factors. Tier 2: Estimates based on
more accurate activity data and IPCC default emission factors or country
specific/plant specific emission factors. Tier 3: estimates using country-specific
methods that use more precise activity data (direct measurements) and country-
specific/plant-specific emission factors. The level of GHG research is determined
by the type of data relevant to a particular nation or country for develop methods
or identify specific emission factors that can be used by that nation or country. In
GHG research, Indonesia's sector/activity emissions use Tier-1, based on updated
data and IPCC standard emission factors (KLH, 2012). The total energy used to
produce one unit of product can be used to calculate the energy consumption of
the industrial sector. This includes the energy used to move goods or raw
materials used internally in the production area to make products (KLH, 2012).
The units of energy used can be changed according to industry standards, such as:
kCal/kg cement clinker in the cement industry, kWh/tonne of steel in the iron and
steel industry, and GJ/ton of textile fabrics in the textile industry.
RESEARCH METHODS
From the three scopes above, PT XYZ as the object of research is included
in Scope 1 and 2. Because it has activities that produce emissions but can be
controlled directly. For example Boilers and company operational vehicles. and
Energy used for production operations is purchased or obtained from outside
(suppliers) namely PLN and other examples of driving production process
machines, Furnace Fuel (Furnaces for melting and Casting). In general, fuel
combustion emissions are energy emissions, not emissions from industrial
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processes. The term “Tier” is the degree of accuracy of the calculations used in
GHG data collection activities.
Based on the Standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) there are 3 Tiers (Sunarti et al., 2019). namely: Tier 1: Estimates are based
on IPCC default activity data and emission factors. Tier 2: Estimates based on
more accurate activity data and IPCC default emission factors or country
specific/plant specific emission factors. Tier 3: estimates using country-specific
methods that use more precise activity data (direct measurements) and country-
specific/plant-specific emission factors. The level of GHG research is determined
by the type of data relevant to a particular nation or country for develop methods
or identify specific emission factors that can be used by that nation or country. In
GHG research, Indonesia's sector/activity emissions use Tier-1, based on updated
data and IPCC standard emission factors (KLH, 2012). The total energy used to
produce one unit of product can be used to calculate the energy consumption of
the industrial sector. This includes the energy used to move goods or raw
materials used internally in the production area to make products (KLH, 2012).
The units of energy used can be changed according to industry standards, such as:
kCal/kg cement clinker in the cement industry, kWh/tonne of steel in the iron and
steel industry, and GJ/ton of textile fabrics in the textile industry.
Figure 1. Pairwise comparison rating scale
Data normalization: Tests for consistency and calculates its Vector
eigenvalues, which represent the weight of each element. Data must be repeated if
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inconsistent. The above steps are carried out for all levels of the hierarchy. This
step is to synthesize options in prioritizing elements at the lowest level of the
Hierarchy to achieve the goal. Test the consistency of the hierarchy. If it does not
meet the CR < 0.100 then the assessment must be repeated. Again: To simplify
the above process, the author will use the “Expert Choice (EC) V11.0
Application. By using the averaging feature to flatten the paired results into a
value, this application can combine the results of comparisons with multiple
participants. The geometric mean calculation method is used to get the average
value. The error rate in calculating the weights is very small, because there is no
need to calculate the weights manually, but it is our accuracy in entering data that
determines how accurate the Expert Choice application is. This makes this
application suitable for analyzing problems in decision making that involve large
hierarchies or with many levels and many alternatives of respondent preferences.
Calculating Electricity Consumption: To facilitate the Analysis of
Electricity Consumption Companies are grouped into 3 major categories:
Machinery Group. Use of all production machines. Lighting Group (Lamps) &
General./ Use of all lamps for lighting and other general electrical equipment
(PCs, Laptops, Photocopiers and Printers) Air conditioning group. Use of all air
conditioners in the company. The three categories are further divided based on
Factory-factories (different locations) in the company. Namely: Factory 1 in
Cibitung, Factory 2 in Cibitung, Factory 3 in Cibitung and Factory 5 in Cikarang.
Calculating Carbon (CO2) Emissions: The total amount of CO2 emitted by
activities, both long-term and short-term, is known as the Carbon footprint.
According to the IPCC, there are two types of carbon footprint: Primary Carbon
Footprint is the direct carbon footprint that abandoned by an activity. Burning
fossil fuels is the main activity that leaves a carbon footprint, combustion
processes and material degradation.
Where : CO2 emission : Total CO2 emission (kg carbon) Fuel consumed
(kg), EF : fuel CO2 emission factor (mass unit/MJ), NCV : Net Calorific Volume
(energy content) per unit mass or volume of fuel fuel (TJ/ton fuel) The use of
electrically powered equipment is an example of a secondary carbon footprint,
namely an indirect carbon footprint. The use of electrical energy is equivalent to
this kind of carbon footprint (PLN). In principle, CO2 emissions for each unit of
production are the basis for all product carbon footprints.
Emisi CO
2
= a x EF x NCV
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Emisi CO
2
= ∑ FC x CEF
Where: FC = the amount of electricity consumed (Kwh), CEF = Carbon
Emission Factor (kg CO2/Kwh), then the total CO2 emissions are:
Emisi CO
2
total = Emisi CO
2
primer +Emisi CO
2
sekunder
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Figure 2. Research Hierarchy
Based on the research hierarchy above (figure 2), questionnaires were
distributed to all respondents who have competencies and sustainability activities
in the company. The results of the questionnaire answers from the respondents
were followed by analysis using the Expert Choice ver.11.0 application to obtain
recommendations for the most appropriate policy strategy as mitigation to reduce
the impact of greenhouse gases. Based on comparison criteria.
In Figure 3 below the results of Reducing CO2 Emissions become very
priority with the highest weight value of 0.729, while the second priority is the
reduction of CFC emissions with a weight of 0.192 and the lowest priority in
reducing N2O emissions with a weight of 0.079. The overall weighting of the
criteria has an inconsistency value of 3%.
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Figure 3. Comparison of priority criteria
In Figure 4 below the CO2 emission reduction activities with the main
priority on the use of electrical energy with the highest weight of 0.615,
the second priority is the direct use of fuel with a weight of 0.188, the next
priority is the use of Freon with a weight of 0.116 and the last priority is the
handling of waste 0.080. On the weighting of the sub-criteria as a whole has an
inconsistency value of 1% (0.01 <0.1)) then it can be done analysis and
conclusions from the results that have been obtained analysis and conclusions
from the results that have been obtained the results that have been obtained
Figure 4. Comparison of the priorities of the Sub-Criteria
From the activity of using electrical energy, it was found that the first
alternative with the highest priority is Reduce with the highest weight of 0.554,
the second priority is substitution with a weight of 0.255, the next priority is
elimination with a weight of 0.131 and the last priority is an offset of 0.060. On
the weighting of alternative 1 as a whole has an inconsistency value of 2% (0.02 <
0.1) then it can be analyzed and concluded from the results that have been
obtained.
Figure 5. Comparison of alternative priorities 1
In the picture below is Alternative 2 as a policy option that can be done to
reduce the use of electrical energy, the most priority is Savings with the highest
weight of 0.545, the second priority is to buy an REC certificate with a weight of
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0.232, the next priority is to use solar power for some of its activities with a
weight of 0.130 and the last priority is to change the type of freon to 0.093. On the
weighting of Alternative 2 as a whole has an inconsistency value of 2% (0.02 <
0.1) so it can be analyzed and concluded from the results that have been obtained.
CONCLUSION
From the analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method,
it is found that the most priority greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policy is to
reduce CO2 emissions based on the use of electrical energy by reducing the use of
electrical energy. Savings is the main alternative by making various
improvements and innovations. And based on secondary data obtained during
2021 from the use of electricity that produces the highest CO2 emissions, it is due
to the use of Production Machines at Factory 1 location of 14,599 Ton.CO2eq per
year, or 37% of the total CO2 emissions in this company, then the second highest
is from factory 5 location which is 14,311 Ton.CO2 eq.
So PT XYZ can carry out a policy of reducing CO2 emissions by reducing
the use of electrical energy. The priority is on the operation of production
machines at the Factory 1 location. The strategies carried out include replacing
old machines that are no longer efficient with new machines that are more
productive, efficient in electricity use, use of high technology and changing the
layout or layout. the location of the machine is more compact and grouped by type
of product.
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