CULTIVATION OF WATER SPINACH (IPOMOEA REPTANS POIR) PRODUCTION
BY USING DFT AND NFT
Imam
Safir Alwan Nurza
State University of Jakarta, Jakarta,
Indonesia
nurzabio.unj@gmail.com
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Abstract |
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Received: Revised : Accepted: |
01-09-2022 10-09-2022 20-09-2022 |
Water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) is one
of the horticultural crops known for its
very easy cultivation and fast harvest cycle and high
nutritional value. This plant can
be produced or cultivated hydroponically using NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) and DFT (Deep Flow Technique) systems. Cultivation of plants in the NFT system uses a sloping circuit with shallow nutritious water that circulates
for 24 hours at a fast flow.
The DFT system uses a closed-circuit insulated with stagnant water that circulates
for 24 hours at a slow flow.
Thus, this research was conducted to determine the differences in the production of water spinach in two hydroponic systems, namely NFT and DFT. The research was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) and observation method by observing plant height, number of leaves,
wet weight, and root length. Data were analyzed using independent samples T-test with a prerequisite
test in the form of the
Shapiro-Wilk normality test. The results of this research
showed that the cultivation of water spinach
using NFT and DFT hydroponic systems had significant differences in plant height, number of leaves,
root length, and wet weight. Water spinach production can be increased
by using DFT compared to NFT. Keyword : Cultivation; Production;
Dft; Nft |
*Correspondent Author :
Imam Safir Alwan Nurza
Email : nurzabio.unj@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia
is an agricultural
country that has abundant natural resources. One of these natural resources is the
agricultural sector. The agricultural sector in Indonesia
has various kinds of commodities, including food commodities, plantations, horticulture, ornamental plants, and industrial plants (Wibowo, 2013).
(Andana,
2015) stated that horticulture
is the cultivation
of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants. One of the horticultural crops with good
prospects and commercial value is water spinach
(Ipomoea reptans Poir). (Nasichin,
Fajarsukoco, Satria, Sebastian, & Yulia, 2020) stated that this
vegetable plant is known by
the public because of its
very easy cultivation and fast harvest cycle.
In addition, this vegetable plant has a fairly high nutritional
value. In 100 grams of water spinach,
it contains 29 calories, 3 grams of protein, 0.3 grams of fat, 5.4 grams
of carbohydrates, 1 gram of
fiber, 73 mg of calcium, 50 mg of phosphorus, 2.5 mg of iron,
6300 SI of vitamin A, 0 .07 mg
vitamin B, 32 mg vitamin C, 25 mg/l
chlorophyll, and 89.7 g water (Astawan,
2009). Water spinach as a food ingredient can be consumed fresh
with other foods. Water spinach can grow in areas
with hot and cold climates (Rahmat,
n.d.).
This research uses NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) and DFT (Deep Flow
Technique) hydroponic systems. (Maulido,
Tobing, & Adimihardja, 2016) stated that NFT is a hydroponic system in plant cultivation by placing the roots
of a plant in nutritious shallow water. This nutrient-dense
water will circulate for 24 hours quickly on
an inclined circuit. So, the
roots can grow in the nutrient
solution and get abundant oxygen
for plant growth. The DFT hydroponic system is a cultivation
system using water and nutrient
supplies by circulating it for 24 hours at
a continuous slow flow in a closed circuit (Ningrum,
Triyono, & Tusi, 2014). Research on NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) and DFT (Deep Flow
Technique) hydroponic systems on water
spinach has been carried out. The research was conducted
by (Sholihat,
Kirom, & Fathonah, 2018) the result is
that water spinach has an average plant height
of 53.08 cm, root length of 24.7 cm, and leaf length
of 17.6 cm using the NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) hydroponic system. (Girsang
& Sulastri, 2019) using the DFT hydroponic
system (Deep Flow Technique) has an average plant
height of 33.4 cm, number of leaves
18.3, leaf width of 2.6 cm, and root length of
19.7 cm on water spinach. This research
was conducted to determine the
differences in the production of water
spinach in two hydroponic systems, namely DFT (Deep Flow Technique) and NFT (Nutrient Film Technique).
RESEARCH METODS
This research
used a Randomized Block Design with two treatment groups,
namely DFT and NFT. Both treatment groups were carried out with 8 replications
in every three net pots. The research was carried out
by preparing tools and materials,
namely TDS/EC, drill, net
pot, paralon pipe, 7 mm and 16 mm PE hose, YAMANO WP-3800
water pump, ruler, mild steel
frame for paralon pipe support,
datasheet, scales, bucket, AB mix, water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) seeds,
and water. The construction of a paralon pipe supporting
framework with mild steel for
the NFT and DFT hydroponic systems was carried out.
Paralon pipe is drilled and
placed in the support. 7 mm and 16 mm PE hoses are installed on the paralon
pipe.
Place a bucket
containing a YAMANO WP-3800 water
pump on both
hydroponic systems. Water spinach seeds were sown up to
9 DAP (Days After Planting). Fill
the bucket with water up
to the top of the water
pump so that
the pump is not damaged and the kale
plants are transferred to the NFT and
DFT systems. AB mix nutrition
was made by dissolving 1 kg of stock nutrients
A and B with a dose of 5000 ml. Filled with AB mix nutrients with ppm 1050-1400 into buckets on
NFT and DFT systems. Plant height, number
of leaves, wet weight, and root
length were observed every four days.
Plant height and root length
were measured with a ruler from the
base to the
apical (tip). Wet weight was measured
at harvest. The data were analyzed using independent samples T-test with a prerequisite
test in the form of the
Shapiro-Wilk normality test to determine
whether the data obtained had a normal distribution
or not with α = 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Plant height,
number of leaves, wet weight, and root length
of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) in the normality test
showed normal data distribution
which can be seen in table
1. Plant height showed significant differences in DFT and NFT periods 13 and 21 DAP which can be
seen in table 2. The
histogram shows that DFT is better at
producing plant height than NFT which can be
seen in Figure 1a. This is because
the nutrients absorbed by plants
in the DFT hydroponic system can increase
the growth of water spinach
plant height. The results of this research are different from (Nofal et al., 2021) which
stated that plant height in NFT gave a large significant
difference compared to DFT in crop production. Because it gets a continuous
supply of water, oxygen, and nutrients with
a fast flow without the constraints
of equipment, such as pumps and
water hoses. In this study, there was a problem with the water pump
which caused a decrease in plant height in NFT. Thus, when experiencing wilting will inhibit
plant production. Therefore, the water pump must
always be observed and maintained.
Table 1
Normality test of
plant height, number of leaves,
wet weight, and root length on
DFT and NFT
|
Observation |
Observation Period |
Treatment |
Statistics |
Sig. |
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Plant height |
13 DAP |
NFT |
0,916 |
0,398 |
|
DFT |
0,912 |
0,368 |
||
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17 DAP |
NFT |
0,955 |
0,765 |
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|
DFT |
0,892 |
0,245 |
||
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21 DAP |
NFT |
0,918 |
0,411 |
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|
DFT |
0,889 |
0,228 |
||
|
Number of leaves |
13 DAP |
NFT |
0,930 |
0,516 |
|
DFT |
0,860 |
0,120 |
||
|
17 DAP |
NFT |
0,865 |
0,135 |
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|
DFT |
0,847 |
0,088 |
||
|
21 DAP |
NFT |
0,887 |
0,220 |
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|
DFT |
0,908 |
0,341 |
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Wet weight |
13 DAP |
NFT |
0,897 |
0,274 |
|
DFT |
0,930 |
0,512 |
||
|
17 DAP |
NFT |
0,959 |
0,801 |
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|
DFT |
0,925 |
0,470 |
||
|
21 DAP |
NFT |
0,903 |
0,308 |
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DFT |
0,848 |
0,091 |
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Root length |
13 DAP |
NFT |
0,959 |
0,801 |
|
DFT |
0,860 |
0,120 |
||
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17 DAP |
NFT |
0,855 |
0,106 |
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|
DFT |
0,926 |
0,476 |
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21 DAP |
NFT |
0,916 |
0,395 |
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|
DFT |
0,918 |
0,418 |
If the value
of sig. < 0.05, then the data distribution
is not normal and if the value
of sig. > 0.05, then the data distribution
is normal, DAP: Days After Planting
The number
of leaves in DFT and NFT showed significant differences in the production of water spinach
(Ipomoea reptans Poir) at periods
13 and 17 DAP which can be seen
in table 2. This was because the
flow of AB mix nutrients in slow-moving DFT could stimulate faster and faster
leaf growth. much of the
fast-moving nutrient flow in NFT. This leaf growth can
produce the number of leaves
on the plant.
The number of leaves on DFT produced
better leaves than NFT which can be seen
in Figure 1b. (Ardha & Omar, n.d.) stated
that the number of leaves
on DFT gave a result of 38 leaves.
While NFT gives the number of
leaves of 36 leaves. The difference from the results
of this study showed that DFT was better at
producing a large number of leaves
than NFT.
Table 2
Independent T test of plant height,
number of leaves, wet weight, and root length
on DFT and NFT
|
Observation |
Treatment |
Observation Period |
||
|
13 DAP |
17 DAP |
21 DAP |
||
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Plant height |
NFT |
0,001* |
0,303 |
0,000* |
|
DFT |
||||
|
Number of leaves |
NFT |
0,049* |
0,038* |
0,414 |
|
DFT |
||||
|
Wet weight |
NFT |
0,567 |
0,000* |
0,000* |
|
DFT |
||||
|
Root length |
NFT |
0,000* |
0,002* |
0,052 |
|
DFT |
||||
Sign (*) indicates a significant difference with sig. < 0.05, DAP: Days
After Planting
Wet weight
on DFT and NFT showed significant differences in the production of water
spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) in the period 17 and
21 DAP which can be seen in table
2. The histogram shows that
DFT is better than NFT in increasing the wet weight of water spinach,
which can be seen in Figure
1c. This is because the AB mix nutrients absorbed by plants can
increase plant weight growth. In the DFT hydroponic system with slow
water flow, plants absorb more AB mix nutrients than NFT. Thus, the absorption
of these nutrients stimulates an increase in the weight of
the water spinach.
Figure 1
Histogram of differences in a) plant height, b) number of leaves, c) wet weight, and d) root length on
DFT and NFT
(Maneeply, Sujipuli, & Kunpratum, 2018) stated
that there was a significant difference in the wet weight of plants
using the DFT and NFT hydroponic systems. DFT provides a flow of nutrient
solution at a depth of 4 cm with
a flow rate of 1.5 L/min. While the NFT system has a solution depth of 1 to 3 mm with
a flow rate of 1.0 L/min. Thus, the flow rate
of the nutrient
solution can affect the wet weight of the
plant. The wet weight of the plant
is strongly influenced by the
water content contained in the plant tissue. In addition to water
content, nutrients absorbed are in the form of macroelements
(Nitrogen (N), Phosphate (P), Potassium
(K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg),
and Sulfur (S)) and microelements (Iron (Fe), Boron (B), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum (Mo), and Zinc
(Zn)) can increase the results
of photosynthesis in the form of
photosynthate. The results of photosynthesis can increase plant
weight to be larger and
heavier wet (Lakitan, 2010).
Root length
on DFT and NFT showed significant differences in the production of water
spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) at
periods 13 and 17 DAP which can be
seen in table 2. This was because
the nutrients absorbed by the
roots supported root growth in increasing the ability to absorb nutrients. The root length produced by DFT is better
than that of NFT, which can
be seen in Figure 1d. Due to the ability of
the roots of this plant
in the DFT hydroponic system, it can
support the growth of more
and longer roots in absorbing nutrients compared to NFT. (Cova et al., 2017) stated
that DFT has a different recirculation frequency because plant roots
are maintained to continuously absorb nutrient solutions. As for NFT, plant roots survive
for some time (the interval between two consecutive
recirculations) without nutrient solution which increases the possibility of plants experiencing
water deficit, especially during the hottest time
of day.
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© 2022 by the authors. Submitted for possible open access publication under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY SA) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). |