Journal of Social Research

Difference in Effectiveness Between The Use of Captopril and Amlodipine on Lowering Blood Pressure in Primary Hypertension Cases at The Piyungan Health Center

Dwi Adi Saputra, Hidayatul Kurniawati — Mon, 31 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide, with sufferers estimated to reach 1.5 billion and mortality reaching 9.4 million individuals by 2025. In Indonesia, hypertension prevalence reached 34.1% (Riskesdas, 2018), with the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) recording 11.01%. Captopril and amlodipine are commonly used first-line antihypertensive drugs. This study aims to determine the difference in effectiveness between captopril and amlodipine in reducing blood pressure among patients with primary hypertension. Method: This retrospective, before-after (pre-post) comparative study used secondary data from the medical records of 151 outpatients at the Piyungan Health Center (31 receiving captopril and 120 receiving amlodipine). Blood pressure was assessed before and after drug administration. Based on data normality and homogeneity testing, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze systolic blood pressure and the One-Way ANOVA test to analyze diastolic blood pressure. Results: Both tests showed significant results (p=0.000; p<0.05). Post hoc analysis showed that captopril reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 5.387 and 5.774 mmHg, respectively, while amlodipine reduced them by 11.858 and 5.258 mmHg. Conclusion: Both captopril and amlodipine significantly reduced blood pressure. Amlodipine was significantly more effective in reducing systolic blood pressure, whereas the difference between the two drugs in reducing diastolic blood pressure was minimal and not clinically meaningful.

A Pipe Leak Detection System Using Pressure and Flow Sensors for Residential Water Pipes Using The Sugeno Fuzzy Method

Adam Azzamul Husni Huda, Mufti Ari Bianto, Heri Ardiansyah — Sat, 05 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The water loss rate in Indonesia remains at a critical range of 20–45%. The fundamental challenge in addressing this issue at the household scale is the computational difficulty of distinguishing between pressure fluctuations caused by normal water consumption patterns and pressure drops caused by physical pipe damage. Therefore, this study designed a smart pipe leak detection system prototype based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using the Zero-Order Sugeno Fuzzy Logic method. The system utilized an ESP32 microcontroller as a local processing unit based on edge computing, integrated with a water flow sensor (YF-S201) and a pressure sensor to monitor fluid dynamics in real time. The acquired data were classified into three linguistic sets—Normal, Small Leak, and Large Leak—to control a relay actuator as an automatic mitigation mechanism. Based on the system testing results, the instrument measurement error rates were 2.12% for the flow sensor and 2.19% for the pressure sensor. The Sugeno Fuzzy Logic algorithm achieved an inference accuracy rate of 100% in classifying pipe condition status compared with theoretical mathematical calculations. Furthermore, the IoT architecture recorded an emergency notification transmission latency of 1.20 seconds to the Blynk dashboard. The implementation of decentralized control through the microcontroller demonstrated the capability to reduce false alarm risks and provide reliable automatic water supply shutoff mitigation without depending on the stability of cloud server connectivity.