Journal of Social Research

Academic Honesty in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Global Perspectives and Evidence from Indonesian Higher Education (Study case: Female Students)

2025-12-30T21:01:48+00:00

This study aims to examine academic honesty among undergraduate female students in Indonesia, amidst the widespread access to AI-based tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Gemini). Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study examines the influence of Attitude Toward Behavior (ATB), Subjective Norm (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) on Behavioral Intention (BI) and subsequently impacting Actual Behavior (AB). This study employed a quantitative explanatory cross-sectional design. Data were collected through online questionnaires from 350 female students at various universities in Indonesia. The analysis phase was conducted using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS to assess measurement validity and the strength of causal pathways. The results showed that the three TPB constructs, namely ATB (? = 0.31, p < 0.001), SN (? = 0.27, p < 0.01), and especially PBC (? = 0.39, p < 0.001), significantly predicted BI, and BI, in turn, significantly predicted AB (? = 0.48, p < 0.001). Furthermore, PBC had a direct effect on AB (? = 0.22, p < 0.05). Both the measurement and structural models met the recommended fit criteria (CFI ? 0.95; RMSEA ? 0.05). The findings of this study confirm the application of the TPB to understand female students' academic honesty in the AI era and emphasize the central role of PBC and the influence of Indonesian collectivist cultural norms. Practical implications include the need to strengthen academic skills and AI ethics literacy, integrate local wisdom into integrity-enhancing programs, and implement institutional policies that encourage the responsible use of AI. Future research should consider comparative gender studies and longitudinal designs to explore behavioral dynamics as technology evolves.

Interceptive Orthodontic Strategy for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Scoping Review of Appliances and Intervention Timing

2025-12-11T06:18:45+00:00

Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is a craniofacial congenital disorder causing upper jaw growth disorders, malocclusion, and functional/aesthetic impairments during childhood. Interceptive orthodontic strategies in children with cleft lip and palate: a scoping review of the tool and the timing of the intervention guide early dentofacial growth, yet tool types and timing vary widely, necessitating evidence mapping for clinical practice. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR framework, searching PubMed and Scopus (2015–2025) for primary studies on interventional orthodontics in children with CLP. From 452 articles identified, 10 were included after screening and synthesis. Tools included presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM), rapid maxillary expansion (RME), facemasks, and bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP). Interventions ranged from neonatal to adolescent phases. BAMP yielded superior sagittal skeletal and facial profile corrections, especially pre-pubertal peak. Passive devices like NAM enhanced soft tissue repair and preoperative nasolabial symmetry. Interceptive orthodontics in CLP depends on device selection and timing; anchorage-based options like BAMP excel in active growth, while NAM suits presurgical aesthetics. These findings inform clinical decisions and future research in CLP orthodontic management.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Digital Reputation Index and Financial Performance of Indonesian Insurance Companies

2026-01-08T07:50:18+00:00

The enthusiasm of the Indonesian people for social media makes digital marketing strategies an important factor to increase brand strength through improving the company's postitf image. Social media is a place for companies to form positive online perceptions and reputations. This condition is the basis for research to find out how the consistency of positive reputation is on the financial performance of insurance companies in Indonesia. The relationship between the Digital Reputation Index (IRD) on the financial performance of insurance companies (gross premiums, productivity ratio and company profit) was analyzed based on data from 12 life insurance companies and 12 conventional general insurance companies respectively. The Spearman correlation test resulted in a significant positive directional relationship for the Digital Reputation Index to gross premiums (for life and general insurance companies). A non-significant positive directional relationship between the Digital Reputation Index and the Productivity Ratio (life and general insurance). A non-significant positive directional relationship between the Digital Reputation Index and the profits of life insurance companies while a significant positive relationship occurs with the profits of general insurance companies.

The Effect of Physical Activity on Oxidative Stress in Inhibiting Systemic Aging

2025-12-30T21:15:36+00:00

Systemic aging accelerated by oxidative stress is a global health challenge that demands evidence-based intervention strategies. Physical activity offers a promising non-pharmacological approach, but its molecular mechanisms require a review of the relevant literature. This article aims to analyze the molecular mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of physical activity in suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting the systemic aging process. This literature review employs a systematic search of the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases to identify studies published between 2021 and 2025. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies analyzing the interaction between physical activity, oxidative stress, and biomarkers of aging. Synthesis of the results showed that physical exercise consistently increased expression of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) through activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors. Combination therapy with aerobic and resistance exercise effectively lowered lipid peroxidation biomarkers (malondialdehyde) and increased total antioxidant capacity. Significant clinical adaptations were achieved at an optimal intensity of 70-85% VO?max for 8-12 weeks, although individual responses showed heterogeneity influenced by genetic factors and baseline health status. The therapeutic effectiveness of physical exercise in combating aging—mediated by regulation of oxidative stress—has been consistently demonstrated in numerous studies. However, its application in clinical practice requires personalized interventions, with exercise programs individually tailored to ensure optimal therapeutic responses.

Analysis of Archery Performance Development at the Kuningan Regency Archery Association

2025-12-30T20:55:27+00:00

Archery is a sport of achievement that is relatively new to the people of Kuningan Regency. The people of Kuningan are more familiar with traditional archery, which involves shooting arrows from a sitting position and is displayed annually during the anniversary of Kuningan Regency. Perpani Kuningan Regency has excellent achievements and can compete with other sports. The objective of this research is to describe the coaching of archery sports achievements. This study employs a qualitative descriptive research design using three components: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research was conducted in Kuningan Regency. The study subjects included the branch administrator, coaches, athletes, and KONI. Data were collected using the data triangulation method. The instruments used were observation, interviews, and document analysis. The results of this study indicate that the coaching implemented by PERPANI Kuningan Regency follows the coaching pyramid model as well as general coaching practices. This is evident from the structured development pathway, which includes the selection of novice athletes, junior athletes, and senior athletes. In addition, athlete nurseries continue through extracurricular activities in several schools and archery clubs in Kuningan Regency. The infrastructure owned by PERPANI Kuningan Regency is very adequate; it includes equipment as well as a dedicated outdoor practice field.

Governance and Accountability Crisis of State-Owned Enterprise Issuers: A Case Study of PT Indofarma Tbk (INAF.IJ) Within the Framework of Capital Market Law and Anti-Corruption Enforcement

2026-01-06T07:54:22+00:00

This paper analyzes the governance and accountability crisis of PT Indofarma Tbk (INAF), a State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, in the perspective of capital market law, limited liability company law, and law on the eradication of corruption. This research departs from the deterioration of INAF's financial performance from 2020 to 2022, the change in auditor opinion to be reasonable with exceptions, the findings of the investigative audit of the Financial Audit Agency which indicate state losses, and the process of enforcing the criminal law of corruption against the Company's management. Using a normative juridical approach and case study, this paper examines the relationship between violations of information disclosure obligations, weak internal control, failure to supervise company organs, and criminal liability of SOEs Board of Directors. The results of the study show that the INAF case is not solely a business failure, but a manifestation of systemic violations of the principles of fiduciary duty, transparency, and accountability of public issuers. Furthermore, this study confirms a shift in the paradigm of Indonesian capital market law enforcement from an administrative compliance approach to an investigative audit-based law enforcement approach and economic criminal law. This paper concludes that public SOE governance reform requires stronger synergy between capital market regulators, law enforcement officials, and internal corporate oversight mechanisms to protect the interests of investors and maintain the integrity of Indonesia's capital market.

Study of Legal and Technical Aspect on Sedimentation Management in Indonesia Seas

2026-01-08T07:55:25+00:00

Dredging and marine sand export activities in Indonesia have raised concerns about their impacts on marine environmental quality and regulatory certainty in sedimentation management. This study examines the legal and technical aspects of marine sedimentation management policies, focusing on the implementation of Government Regulation No. 26 of 2023 on Marine Sedimentation Management and Government Regulation No. 31 of 2021 on Shipping. The legal review evaluates the coherence of these regulations with higher legal frameworks, including Law No. 32 of 2014 on Marine Affairs, the Job Creation Law, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982), and international standards from the Oslo-Paris (OSPAR) Convention. The analysis reveals that PP 26/2023 and PP 31/2021 still exhibit vertical inconsistencies, overlapping institutional mandates, and limited alignment with international marine governance principles. Technically, this study analyzes changes in water turbidity using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) across four priority areas: Pulau Karimun Besar, Demak Regency, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, and Surabaya City. The findings indicate a strong, statistically significant correlation between NDTI values and marine sand export volume in Pulau Karimun Besar (r = 0.99; p = 0.0005), while other locations show weaker, non-significant correlations. These results highlight the need to integrate legal reform with spatially informed technical monitoring to enhance sustainable sedimentation management in Indonesia’s coastal waters.

Representation of Cultural Elements in the Film Panggil Aku Ayah and the Korean Film Pawn: A Comparative Literature Study

2026-01-08T07:58:42+00:00

The film Panggil Aku Ayah (2025) is an Indonesian adaptation of the South Korean film Pawn (2020), which goes beyond mere narrative transfer by engaging in a process of transcreation to align the story with the socio-cultural context of Indonesian audiences. Rather than simply reproducing the original plot, the adaptation reinterprets cultural meanings, values, and social relations to ensure cultural relevance and emotional resonance within a different national setting. This research aims to compare the representation of cultural elements in Panggil Aku Ayah and Pawn using a comparative literature approach. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, drawing on C. Kluckhohn’s theory of seven universal cultural categories as an analytical framework. The findings reveal significant transformations in five key cultural elements: the language system, which adapts dialogue and expressions to local linguistic norms; the livelihood system, which reflects differences in economic activities and social class structures; the religious system, which incorporates local beliefs and practices; the knowledge system, which reshapes moral education and life values; and social organization, which highlights distinct family structures and community relations. The study concludes that cross-cultural film adaptation functions as a creative strategy to embed local cultural identity, enabling global narratives to remain meaningful, accessible, and relevant to Indonesian audiences while preserving the emotional core of the original work.

Antecedents of Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents: a Systematic Literature Review

2025-12-30T21:01:58+00:00

Adolescent psychological well-being is a critical issue influenced by the complex interaction of various factors. This systematic review aims to identify and map key antecedents affecting adolescent psychological well-being based on current literature. The PRISMA method was applied through a search of electronic databases including Google Scholar, APA PsycNET, Springer, and Elsevier. Of the identified articles, 11 journals met the inclusion criteria after a rigorous selection process. The analysis revealed various antecedents that can be classified into protective and risk factors. Social support emerged as the most dominant antecedent, followed by self-esteem and resilience, which play a significant role in improving adolescent psychological well-being. Meanwhile, key risk factors identified included stress, bullying experiences, and poor social relationships, which were consistently associated with decreased psychological well-being. These findings underscore the importance of a multidimensional approach to intervention efforts, where strengthening protective factors needs to be carried out simultaneously with mitigating risk factors. Effective interventions should integrate the adolescent's family, school, and social contexts to support optimal psychological well-being.

The Application of BERT in Sentiment Analysis of IMDB Movie Reviews

2026-01-05T06:37:50+00:00

This study aims to conduct a sentiment analysis of user reviews of the IMDb website using a fine-tuned BERT model. This approach uses review data, pre-processing data, fine-tuning of the BERT model, and model performance evaluation. This sentiment analysis uses secondary data taken from the Kaggle website to account for variations in public opinion on film reviews. The discussion of sentiment analysis findings revealed people's preferences in the form of positive sentiment in the storyline aspect, while negative sentiment revealed the duration aspect. The results showed that the BERT model achieved a high level of performance with an accuracy of 90%, precision of 89%, recall of 91%, and an F1-score of 90% on the validation dataset. The results of this test can be used by filmmakers to correct aspects that are not satisfactory to the audience in the next film production From the test results above, the BERT method can be used to conduct sentiment analysis with high accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score test results.

The Influence of Social Media Marketing and the Ease of Use of Mobile Banking on Customer Loyalty with Customer Satisfaction as a Mediator in Mobile Banking Services “Digi by Bank BJB”

2025-12-30T21:10:47+00:00

Many factors can affect customer loyalty, one of which is social media marketing. In addition to social media marketing, the ease of use of mobile banking can also affect customer loyalty. This study includes customer satisfaction as a mediating variable. The approach used in this study is quantitative. This is explanatory research. The population comprises 20,028 customers of Bank BJB who use "white Digi." The sample consists of 392 Bank BJB customers who use "white Digi," determined using the Slovin formula and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaires. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that: 1) social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on satisfaction; 2) the ease of use of "Digi by Bank BJB" has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction; 3) social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty; 4) the ease of use of "Digi by Bank BJB" has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty; 5) satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty; 6) customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between social media marketing and customer loyalty; and 7) customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between the ease of use of "Digi by Bank BJB" and customer loyalty.

The Relationship Between Knowledge And Preventive Behavior of Adhesive Capsulitis In Fried Rice Vendors In Denpasar City, Bali Province

2026-01-08T07:56:58+00:00

The culinary business, including fried rice vendors, had the potential to experience musculoskeletal complaints such as adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder), which was triggered by the lack of movement in the passive shoulder or movements inversely proportional to the activity of the opposite shoulder during work. Adhesive capsulitis was characterized by pain, stiffness, and loss of shoulder range of motion. Early management was important to prevent the disease from progressing to the frozen phase. A high level of knowledge could help an individual apply disease prevention behavior. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between knowledge and preventive behavior regarding adhesive capsulitis in the shoulders of cart-based fried rice vendors in Denpasar City, Bali Province. The research used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 40 cart-based fried rice vendors, selected using the purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Data analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation test because the data scale was ordinal. The majority of respondents had a low level of knowledge (50.0%) and low preventive behavior (55.0%). The Spearman correlation test showed a significant (p=0.000), very strong (r=0.828), and unidirectional relationship between knowledge and preventive behavior regarding adhesive capsulitis. The conclusion of the study was that there was a significant, strong, and unidirectional relationship between knowledge and preventive behavior regarding adhesive capsulitis of fried rice vendors in Denpasar City, Bali Province.

An Analysis of Illocutionary Speech Acts in the Indonesian Minister of Primary and Secondary Education’s Speech at the UNESCO General Conference

2025-12-30T20:59:24+00:00

This study examines the illocutionary speech acts employed in the Indonesian Minister of Primary and Secondary Education's address at the UNESCO General Conference in November 2025, applying Searle's taxonomy of speech acts as the analytical framework. The analysis of 42 speech acts reveals that assertive utterances dominate the discourse, accounting for 47.62%, followed by commissives at 23.81%, expressives at 14.29%, directives at 11.90%, and declaratives at 2.38%. The findings demonstrate how diplomatic discourse strategically employs various speech acts to convey national positions, establish commitments, and maintain international relationships. This research contributes to understanding the pragmatic dimensions of diplomatic communication and the linguistic strategies employed by representatives of developing nations in multilateral forums.

Reconstruction of Creditor Rights: A Juridical Analysis of the Implications of Non-Registration of Fiduciary Guarantees on Preferential Rights and Execution of Collateral

2025-12-30T21:03:04+00:00

Law Number 42 of 1999 concerning Fiduciary Guarantee asserts that registration constitutes a constitutive element for the establishment of rights in rem (zakelijk). However, a disparity between legal norms (das sollen) and empirical practices (das sein) remains evident, characterized by the prevalence of creditors neglecting the registration obligation for the sake of cost efficiency. This study aims to dissect the juridical consequences of such negligence, particularly regarding the degradation of creditor status from separatist to concurrent, as well as the forfeiture of the privilege of preference rights. Utilizing a normative juridical research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study concludes that an unregistered fiduciary guarantee deed merely generates an obligatory relationship (personal agreement). The fatal implications include the loss of executorial title (parate executie), the absence of legal standing in non-litigation execution, and the extinguishment of droit de suite protection against third parties. The synergy between the role of Notaries in providing legal counseling and the firmness of the Ministry of Law in administration serves as the key to mitigating these risks.

Institutional Study of the Management of Tri-City Cooperation (IKN-Samarinda-Balikpapan) and its Surrounding Areas

2025-12-25T01:23:55+00:00

This study examines the institutional framework for managing cooperation between three cities (IKN, Samarinda, and Balikpapan) and their surrounding regions (East Kalimantan Province, North Penajam Paser Regency, and Kutai Kartanegara Regency). the research addresses critical challenges in inter-regional governance, particularly the need for coordinated metropolitan management to support IKN's vision as a global city. The objective is to identify a sustainable institutional model and the necessary regulatory mechanisms for effective collaboration that can accommodate both public service delivery and regional economic development. Utilizing a comparative analysis approach, this research examines similar cooperative models both domestically and internationally, focusing on governance structures, decision-making mechanisms, and their effectiveness in metropolitan contexts. The study employs policy review, comparative institutional analysis, contextualization through pros-cons evaluation, and focus group discussions with experts and practitioners. The findings suggest that integrating the regional management model (RM Barlingmascakeb) and the coordination board model (BKSP Jabodetabekjur) could serve as robust frameworks for collaboration, with international references from the Greater London Authority and Tokyo Metropolitan Government providing additional insights. Furthermore, the establishment of regulatory guidelines through the Head of OIKN Regulation will ensure smooth implementation and long-term success. This study provides valuable insights for local governments and the IKN authority to develop coordinated policies that foster socio-economic development while ensuring equitable growth across the regions involved. The research contributes to metropolitan governance literature by proposing context-specific institutional arrangements that address the unique dual status of OIKN as both a ministerial institution and a special regional government.

Analysis of Factors Influencing Electric Vehicle Adoption with Age, Gender, and Experience as Moderating Variables Across Metropolitan, Mountainous, and Small City Regions in Indonesia

2025-12-30T21:20:56+00:00

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a key strategy for achieving Indonesia's Net Zero Emissions (NZE) target by 2060. This study analyzes the factors influencing EV adoption across three regional classifications—metropolitan areas (Jakarta and Tangerang), mountainous areas (Bandung and Bogor), and small urban areas (Cirebon)—using the UTAUT2 theory (Venkatesh et al., 2012) and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. Data were collected from 286 respondents via an online questionnaire. The results indicate that UTAUT2 factors generally exert a significant influence, though outcomes vary across regions. In Bandung, the significant influencers of EV adoption are Facilitating Conditions (FC), Price Value (PV), and Hedonic Motivation (HM). In Tangerang, FC is the dominant factor, while in Jakarta, PV has the most significant effect. In contrast, in Bogor and Cirebon, UTAUT2 constructs do not significantly affect Use Behavior or Behavioral Intention, with an of only 12%, suggesting other dominant external factors. Furthermore, the moderation effect of experience shows that 52% of Bandung respondents have never used an EV, indicating a strong tendency among residents to accept and try new technologies, including EVs. Age moderation reveals that respondents aged 36–45 are more open to adopting new technologies. These findings underscore the need for region-specific strategies emphasizing infrastructure development, pricing, user motivation (related to design, features, and pleasurable experiences), public outreach, regulations, and performance enhancements.

Fading Solidarity Among Women on Tiktok: A Phenomenological Analysis of the "Girls Support Girls" Movement Among Adolescents

2025-12-19T08:13:45+00:00

The Girls Support Girls movement on TikTok initially emerged as a form of inclusive solidarity among women but has shifted toward selective and conditional support. This study aims to understand the forms of female support, the meaning of conditional support, and the factors causing the decline of female solidarity in the Girls Support Girls movement on TikTok from the perspective of young women. This research employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive phenomenological method. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with four female participants aged 19–25 years who actively use TikTok and have experience interacting with content related to the Girls Support Girls movement. The findings reveal three main results: (1) support among women on TikTok most often appears in the form of positive validation, encouragement, and defense; (2) such support is perceived as selective and conditional, depending on appearance, social norms, and specific situations; and (3) female solidarity easily fades due to insecurity, competition, and pressure from beauty standards that transform relationships among women into social comparisons. This study confirms that although Girls Support Girls is understood as emotional support among women, its practice is heavily influenced by the social context on TikTok, where validation, social judgment, and aesthetic pressure become the main factors shaping support dynamics.

Abu Dzar Islamic School in The Development of Islamic Philanthropy (2010–2021)

2026-01-14T06:40:48+00:00

This study discusses the factors behind the strengthening of philanthropic practices in integrated Islamic schools and explains how philanthropy can have a positive impact on improving the quality of education as well as exploring challenges and solutions in its implementation. Islamic philanthropy has long had a contribution to the world of education, this can be seen by the existence of educational institutions such as madrasas, schools, Islamic boarding schools and even universities. The main problem in this study is about the role of philanthropy in Islamic educational institutions (Schools). The analysis of this research uses a historical and sociological approach with the concepts used are around education and philanthropy. The practice of philanthropy at Abu Dzar Islamic School is carried out through Abu Dzar Peduli which is driven by at least five elements, namely a sense of concern for fellow humans, moral responsibility, principles in blessings, responsibility for da'wah, and the existence of a moral education mission (character). The results of this study show that the presence of Abu Dzar Islamic School in its philanthropic practice has an important role as an institution or non-state actor in the welfare of the community, especially those in South Tangerang in the field of education. His philanthropic practices include the development of educational institutions, the provision of scholarships, the provision of fee waivers for non-scholarship students, educational facilities, and long-term programs in the form of social and community training so that they can support the quality of education.

The Image of "Nation" and "People" in the Indonesianwac Corpus: A Corpus Linguistic Study

2025-12-30T21:19:57+00:00

The terms bangsa (nation) and rakyat (people) play a pivotal role as pillars of collective identity while simultaneously establishing political legitimacy. Both terms frequently appear in Indonesian socio-political discourse; however, the ideological nuances distinguishing their representations have not been extensively explored in depth. This study aims to reveal how the images of bangsa and rakyat are constructed in Indonesian discourse. The study employs a mixed quantitative and qualitative method using a corpus linguistics approach. This research utilizes data sourced from the IndonesianWaC corpus, accessed via SketchEngine, with the analysis limited to the top 50 collocates (determined by frequency and LogDice scores) as well as 50 relevant concordance lines for each lemma. The analysis focuses on three aspects: collocation patterns, observing lexical meaning associations; semantic prosody, identifying evaluative tendencies (positive or negative); and semantic preference, to map the semantic domains accompanying both words. This study is expected to provide empirical evidence regarding the dynamics of lexical usage that reflect power relations, societal attitudes, and identity construction in the Indonesian language.

A Study on the Relevance of Indonesian Civil Law in Resolving EPC FIDIC Silver Book Contract Disputes Through Bani Arbitration

2026-01-08T07:50:05+00:00

EPC (Engineering, Procurement, and Construction) contracts are increasingly used in large infrastructure projects in Indonesia due to their efficiency and clear division of responsibilities (Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs-Conseils [FIDIC], 2017). However, this contract is rooted in a Common Law system that is different from Indonesia's national legal system which adheres to Civil Law (Subekti, 2019; Satrio, 2021). This study aims to analyze the extent to which the Indonesian Civil Law system is able to maintain its legal sovereignty in the implementation of FIDIC Silver Book-based EPC contracts, as well as identify legal challenges that arise due to differences in legal principles. The method used is a normative juridical approach combined with conceptual and comparative analysis of the provisions of the Civil Code (1847), Law Number 2 of 2017 concerning Construction Services (Law of the Republic of Indonesia, 2017), and risk allocation and dispute resolution clauses in the FIDIC Conditions of Contract (FIDIC, 2017). The results of the study show that there are fundamental differences in the principle of risk sharing and dispute resolution mechanisms between the Common Law and Civil Law systems. Several clauses in FIDIC require harmonization to be in line with the principles of justice, legal certainty, and proportionality that apply in national law (Hidayat, 2021; Osei, 2022). This research contributes to strengthening academic and practical understanding of the harmonization between international contracts and national law. These findings are expected to be a conceptual basis for the development of adaptive construction legal norms while maintaining Indonesia's legal sovereignty (Lubis, 2020; Klee, 2021).

The Role of Uncitral in Standardizing International Project Contracts and Its Implementation in Indonesia

2026-01-08T07:53:10+00:00

The globalization of cross-border construction projects increases the need for legal certainty and uniformity in the arrangement of international construction contracts. Differences in national legal systems, the complexity of long-term projects, and the dynamics of technical and economic risks often lead to contractual imbalances and potential disputes. In this context, UNCITRAL plays an important role through the development of soft law international legal instruments, especially the UNCITRAL Legal Guide on Drawing Up International Contracts for the Construction of Industrial Works, which provides a principled normative framework for the design of international construction contracts. This study aims to analyze the role of UNCITRAL in the standardization of international construction contracts and examine the implementation of these principles in construction contract practices in Indonesia, taking into account the development of national contract standards regulated in the Regulation of the Government Goods/Services Procurement Policy Institute Number 4 of 2024 and the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 25 of 2020. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and analytical approach to UNCITRAL instruments and relevant national regulations. The results show that UNCITRAL functions as a normative framework that emphasizes procedural clarity, proportionate risk allocation, contract adaptation to changing circumstances, and a tiered dispute resolution mechanism.

The Effect of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Infusion on Leydig Cell Count in Testis of Male Balb/C Mice Following Electronic Cigarette Exposure

2025-12-30T21:17:01+00:00

Exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to oxidative stress and potential damage to Leydig cells, which are crucial for testosterone synthesis. Green tea, particularly its polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), may protect testicular cells from oxidative damage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) infusion at two doses (0.03 g/mouse/day and 0.06 g/mouse/day) on Leydig cell count in male BALB/c mice exposed to electronic cigarette vapor. A randomized posttest-only control group design was used with 28 male BALB/c mice divided into four groups: negative control (KN), positive control with vitamin C (KP), treatment group 1 (P1: 0.03 g/mouse/day), and treatment group 2 (P2: 0.06 g/mouse/day). Mice were exposed to electronic cigarette vapor for 30 minutes daily over 30 days. Leydig cell counts were assessed with image raster analysis and HE staining. Data were analyzed using robust ANOVA and Tamhane’s post-hoc test. Significant differences were found among the groups (p = 0.000). P2 had the highest Leydig cell count (44.54 cells/field), followed by P1 (30.05 cells/field), KP (14.80 cells/field), and KN (13.40 cells/field). Significant differences were observed between KN–P1 (p = 0.004), KN–P2 (p = 0.008), KP–P1 (p = 0.006), and KP–P2 (p = 0.010), but no difference was found between P1–P2 (p = 0.251). Green tea infusion dose-dependently increases Leydig cell counts in exposed mice, outperforming vitamin C, though doses did not differ significantly.

A Scoping Review Comparing Oral Microbial Diversity of Fixed Versus Removable Orthodontic Appliances in Mouth-Breathing Children

2025-12-30T20:59:10+00:00

Mouth-breathing is a common condition among children undergoing orthodontic treatment, playing a significant role in altering the oral environment. Breathing through the mouth leads to changes in the humidity and temperature of the oral cavity, which can disrupt the balance of the oral microbiome. The study aims to systematically investigate oral microbial diversity in mouth-breathing children undergoing orthodontic treatment and assess the impact of each appliance type. The search process in this review was guided by predetermined clinical questions using the PCC framework: population (P), concept (C), and context (C). Relevant papers published between 2014 and 2024 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost databases, following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Data extraction followed a structured approach, and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess study quality. Of 204 papers identified, 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. Both appliance types led to shifts in microbial balance, with mouth-breathing children showing overgrowth of facultative anaerobes and reduced aerobic species. This influence appeared more pronounced with fixed appliances. Mouth-breathing in children undergoing orthodontic treatment significantly disrupts the oral microbiome, with fixed appliances showing a more pronounced negative impact on microbial diversity than removable appliances. Further longitudinal studies are required to explore the effects of oral hygiene interventions on the microbial environment and to inform clinical decision-making for better mouth-breathing management.

Transformation of the Risk Management Role from Second Line to One Point Five Line of Defense in Supporting Corporate Governance, Value Protection, and Value Creation: A Case Study of Implementation in an Indonesian Oil and Gas Company

2026-01-06T07:56:41+00:00

Oil and Gas corporation operates within a highly complex energy value chain, exposing the company to strategic, operational, financial, and market risks. These dynamics underscore the need for a risk management function that not only protects value but also supports value creation in line with ISO 31000:2018 principles. This study examines the transformation of the risk management function from a traditional Second Line into a One Point Five Line model, introduced to address governance gaps and comply with UU No. 40 Tahun 2007. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants and document analysis focusing on the application of the Four Eyes Principle in investment, hedging, and credit processes. The results reveal that the transformation significantly enhances the integration of risk considerations into strategic decision-making. The involvement of the risk management function in investment, hedging, and credit committees strengthens oversight, improves alignment with corporate risk appetite, and increases accountability across organizational lines. The model also fosters more transparent documentation and higher-quality risk analysis, contributing to a more disciplined and data-driven decision-making process. Overall, the One Point Five Line model proves effective in improving internal controls while ensuring a balanced approach between value protection and value creation. These findings offer practical insights for state-owned enterprises and energy companies seeking to strengthen risk governance in increasingly complex business environments.

Ergonomic Risk Evaluation of Telecommunication Tower Workers Based on SNI 9011:2021: A Case Study at a Telecommunication Service Company

2025-12-30T21:14:28+00:00

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major concern in telecommunication tower work, which commonly involves manual material handling and non-neutral postures. This study aimed to evaluate the ergonomic risk among telecommunication tower workers using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 9011:2021. A quantitative observational cross-sectional study was conducted among 33 workers (total sampling). Data were collected through a WMSD symptom questionnaire, field observations using an ergonomic hazard checklist (including estimated exposure duration), and an assessment of manual lifting/handling in accordance with the SNI components. Risk scores were calculated by summing the upper-body score, back and lower-body score, and manual handling score, then categorized as follows: ?2 (safe), 3–6 (needs further monitoring), or ?7 (hazardous). Most respondents were installers (72.7%), with the largest proportion having 4–6 years of work tenure (39.4%). Observations identified 14 ergonomic hazards present in 100% of workers, mainly related to upper-body demands and repetitive activities, with some exposures occurring for 25–50% of the work shift. Total risk scores ranged from 12 to 24 (mean 19.36 ± 2.22), placing all workers (100%) in the hazardous category. The main contributors were manual handling (mean 8.70 ± 1.93; 87.9% ?7) and upper-body exposure (mean 7.67 ± 1.49; 57.6% ?7). Priority ergonomic controls are required to reduce manual material handling and overhead work through combined engineering and administrative measures, supported by periodic SNI-based monitoring.

The Urgency of Synchronizing Regulations on the Concept of State Assets in State-Owned Enterprises

2026-01-06T07:52:18+00:00

The main issue raised in this paper is the urgency of synchronizing regulations on the concept of state assets in state-owned enterprises. It examines the synchronization of legal provisions concerning the status of assets owned by state-owned enterprises (SOEs), as regulated under various laws. The disharmony in these legal provisions regarding the status of SOE assets as part of state finances has resulted in legal uncertainty. The State Finance Law, the State Treasury Law, and the Law on Audit of the Management and Accountability of State Finances stipulate that state assets separated and placed in SOEs are considered part of state finances. Meanwhile, the SOE Law and its Third Amendment stipulate that state assets separated and placed in SOEs do not constitute state finances. This ambiguity regarding the status of SOE assets—whether they form part of state finances or belong to the SOEs as legal entities—gives rise to legal uncertainty. From the perspective of legal justice, treating SOE assets as state finances contravenes the principle of proportional equality, as it implies that the State does not recognize SOEs as private legal entities. Furthermore, from the standpoint of legal utility, the continued view that SOE assets are part of state finances creates confusion, particularly since SOE capital is not entirely sourced from state assets but also includes shares held by public investors. Therefore, it is imperative for the Government and the House of Representatives to revise the State Finance Law, the State Treasury Law, and the Law on Audit of the Management and Accountability of State Finances.

Utilization of Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash as Cement Substitutes in Highstrength Concrete

2025-12-30T21:13:14+00:00

This study analyzes the effect of rice husk ash (ASP) and fly ash (FA) as partial cement substitutions on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. The concrete mix was designed with a target compressive strength of 60 MPa using the SNI 03-6468-2000 method. Substitution variations of ASP and FA were applied at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the cement weight. The experimental testing included measurements of unit weight, compressive strength at 7, 28, and 56 days, and modulus of elasticity at 28 days. The results indicate that FA significantly improves concrete unit weight and compressive strength, with optimal performance observed at the 10% substitution level; beyond this percentage, strength tends to stabilize or decrease. Meanwhile, ASP generally reduces concrete unit weight due to its lower specific gravity but still contributes to strength enhancement at certain substitution levels through its pozzolanic reaction, which strengthens the concrete microstructure over time. Both FA and ASP demonstrate substantial potential in improving the performance characteristics of high-strength concrete, particularly in terms of compressive strength and durability. Additionally, their utilization supports sustainable construction practices by reducing cement consumption and mitigating the environmental impact associated with industrial and agricultural waste disposal, making them viable eco-friendly supplementary cementing materials.

Analysis of Human Factors, Leadership Ethics, and Risk-Aware Culture in Indonesian General Insurance Underwriting Practices

2026-01-05T07:12:49+00:00

This study aims to understand the relationship between human factors, ethical leadership, and a risk-aware culture in underwriting practices in the general insurance industry in Indonesia. The study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with secondary data sources derived from previous research, insurance industry reports, and articles from national and international mass media. Analysis is conducted using a thematic approach by examining narratives and patterns of relationships between concepts. The results show that the quality of human resources and ethical leadership are key to establishing an effective risk-aware culture. These findings emphasize the importance of risk governance oriented towards ethical behavior and organizational learning in the general insurance sector in Indonesia.

Implementation of Public Health Insurance Policy Through the Sehati Program

2025-12-30T21:14:26+00:00

The implementation of policies in the referral health system is one of the key components in efforts to realize tiered and integrated health services. The referral service policy in Belitung district has begun to be implemented in 2008 by issuing Belitung Regent Regulation Number 7 of 2008 concerning Belitung Public Health Insurance with a focus on providing health insurance to the people of Belitung, both those who have not been included in the Health Insurance borne by the government and the private sector. This policy was then updated several times last time by issuing Regent Regulation number 98 of 2022 concerning Belitung Public Health Insurance by covering all Belitung people who have not received health insurance through the JKN program in the form of contributions paid by the district government to BPJS Kesehatan as residents registered by the Belitung Regency Government. This research has a formulation of problems (1) the form of policy carried out by local governments in overcoming health services, especially referrals outside the region, (2) efforts that can be made in realizing an integrated referral service system, (3) the ways carried out by local governments in handling obstacles arising from the referral process. The research method used is in the form of a qualitative method with root cause analysis through in-depth interviews. The data sources used are primary and secondary data with a research focus containing statements about indicators and factors to be studied in detail.

APARI Education and Strengthening the Competency of Insurance Brokerage Human Resources in the Era of Change

2026-01-08T07:57:50+00:00

The contemporary insurance industry is undergoing significant transformation, marked by increasing risk complexity, accelerated digitalization, and deeper integration of global financial markets. These developments have intensified the demand for strengthening the competencies of insurance brokerage human resources through professional education that is not only adaptive but also context-sensitive. In practice, insurance brokers are no longer expected to function merely as transactional intermediaries; instead, they are increasingly required to assume the role of strategic risk advisors equipped with analytical capability, professional integrity, and a sound understanding of modern risk dynamics. (OECD, 2019; Susskind & Susskind, 2015) Within the Indonesian context, professional education and training programs organized by the Indonesian Insurance and Reinsurance Brokers Association (APARI) play a crucial role in shaping individual competencies to meet these evolving demands. This article seeks to reflect conceptually on the role of APARI professional education in strengthening the competencies of insurance brokerage human resources amid an era of rapid industry change, encompassing digital transformation, governance requirements, risk complexity, and global competition. This study employs a systematic literature review combined with conceptual analysis of professional education curricula, competency frameworks aligned with the Indonesian National Work Competency Standards (SKKNI) and the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI), regulatory provisions issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and selected international best practices in insurance professional education. The findings suggest that graduate quality does not emerge from a single determinant; rather, it develops through a dynamic interaction between curriculum relevance, learning approaches, and their practical alignment with industry realities. Beyond technical expertise, the development of soft competencies—such as professional communication, ethics, and adaptability—appears to be critical in shaping broker professionalism in the modern era. This article concludes that APARI professional education plays a strategic role in enhancing the competitiveness and long-term sustainability of Indonesia's insurance brokerage profession.

The Dominance of Derivational Suffixes in English News Headlines of the Jakarta Post Online

2025-12-30T21:00:39+00:00

This quantitative descriptive study analyses the dominance and functional application of derivational suffixes in a corpus of 20 English news headlines from The Jakarta Post Online. The research aims to quantify the frequency of suffixes and explain their resulting lexical category changes, aligning with the linguistic constraints of headlinese. A total of 12 instances of class-changing derivational suffixes were identified, demonstrating a systematic reliance on morphological condensation. The analysis reveals two major functional shifts: Nominalisation (V?N) and Adjectivalisation (N?A), with the N?A pattern exhibiting the highest dominance (41.67%), primarily through suffixes like -free,-al,-ian, and -an. The suffix -ing was the most frequent morpheme (33.33%), contributing significantly to Nominalisation. These findings suggest that derivational morphology is a primary structural strategy used to achieve lexical efficiency and informational density in digital journalism.

Juridical Analysis of Penalty Clauses in Construction Contracts Based on Bpk Audits for State-Owned Developer Companies: A Case Study of Housing Project C in Company P

2025-12-30T21:03:11+00:00

This study examines the juridical implications of penalty clauses in State-Owned Enterprise (SOE) construction contracts through a case study of Housing Project C between Company P and Company M. The research addresses the complex intersection of private law, public audit mechanisms, and judicial review in SOE contract enforcement. Using normative legal research methodology, this study analyzes the construction contract, BPK (Supreme Audit Institution) audit findings, and Supreme Court decisions to understand the legal position and enforceability of penalty clauses in SOE construction contracts. The findings reveal that while penalty clauses in SOE construction contracts are normatively valid under civil law provisions, their enforcement is subject to significant limitations arising from the hybrid legal character of SOEs. The BPK audit findings, which identified potential state losses due to project delays, compelled Company P to enforce contractual penalties as part of accountability and Good Corporate Governance principles. However, the Supreme Court's decision limited the maximum penalty to 2% instead of the contractually stipulated 5%, demonstrating that the principle of pacta sunt servanda is not applied absolutely in SOE construction contracts. This study concludes that SOE construction contracts operate at the intersection of three legal regimes: private law (contractual freedom), public law (state audit oversight), and judicial law (court interpretation). The Supreme Court's emphasis on fairness and proportionality principles over strict contractual interpretation reflects the unique legal challenges facing SOE contracts. These findings indicate that SOEs cannot rely solely on textual contract formulations but must consider judicial interpretation possibilities, fairness principles, and public accountability requirements when drafting construction contracts. The research contributes to legal theory development in contract law, construction law, and SOE business law, while providing practical recommendations for SOEs to draft more robust, audit-resistant construction contracts with greater legal certainty. The study recommends an integrative legal approach in designing SOE construction contracts that balances private contractual principles with public law obligations and anticipates judicial review considerations.

Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio As A Diagnostic Predictor And Initial Management In Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review Based On Recent Studies

2025-12-30T21:13:15+00:00

Sepsis is a leading cause of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury (SI-AKI) and contributes substantially to high morbidity and mortality among critically ill patients. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a systemic inflammatory biomarker that is readily obtained from routine blood tests and has potential value as a diagnostic predictor and a basis for early management of SI-AKI. This systematic review aims to evaluate the role of NLR as a diagnostic predictor and a basis for early management in patients with SI-AKI based on recent studies. This study is a systematic review conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for articles published between 2021 and 2025. Included studies were original articles involving adult populations, assessing NLR as a parameter, and reporting outcomes related to SI-AKI. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tool. A total of five observational studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies demonstrated significantly higher NLR values in septic patients who developed SI-AKI compared with those who did not. Several studies also reported an independent association between elevated NLR and AKI progression as well as increased mortality. However, one study found no significant association between NLR and certain clinical outcomes, including the need for mechanical interventions and length of hospital stay. NLR has the potential to be used as an early diagnostic parameter and a risk stratification tool in SI-AKI

The Effects of Ethanol Extract of Vernonia Amygdalina on Optic Nerve Damage Based on Histopathological Overview, Ganglion Cell Density, and Average Apoptosis in Diabetic Rat Models

2025-12-30T21:16:52+00:00

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most commonly diagnosed degenerative conditions worldwide, often resulting in significant negative impacts on the optic nerve due to chronic hyperglycemia. Hence, there is a need for additional therapeutic modalities capable of reducing or even preventing the effects of DM on optic nerve damage, such as the African plant Vernonia amygdalina, which is rich in medical benefits like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to determine the effects of ethanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina on parameters related to optic nerve damage in a diabetic rat model. This experimental animal-based study was conducted on five groups of diabetic Wistar rats (7 rats per group) induced with streptozotocin and nicotinamide, with ethanol extract intervention at doses of 100–300 mg/kg body weight per day. The intervention was carried out for four weeks using Vernonia amygdalina ethanol extract, followed by evaluation of histopathological characteristics, ganglion cell density, and average apoptosis in the optic nerve. A significant increase in average apoptosis (P < 0.05) was observed in the control group (74.33 ± 4.03) compared to the P2 group (200 mg/kg body weight per day; 47.50 ± 5.96) and the P3 group (300 mg/kg body weight per day; 22.00 ± 1.67), a finding nearly equivalent to that of the untreated sham group (19.67 ± 3.33). Furthermore, administration of Vernonia amygdalina extract maintained normal axons and Schwann cells only in the P3 group, with ganglion cell density appearing loosely packed to dense at doses of 100–300 mg/kg body weight per day. Overall, Vernonia amygdalina extract had a positive effect on the optic nerve in diabetic rats, as evidenced by the average apoptosis findings and histopathological evaluation.

Environmental Management as the Philosophical Foundation of Indonesia

2025-12-30T20:55:37+00:00

Indonesia is classified as a take-off country according to Rostow. Rostow stated that at this stage there was increasing industrialization, technological innovation, and there were obstacles to social and political structures. These problems refer to environmental damage. Environmental damage is a global problem. Most of the environmental damage is caused by humans. Obstacles to social and political structures contribute to the increasing number of environmental problems. Some of the steps taken in designing a research methodology for the analysis are Literature Studies, Concept and Theory Analysis. The data used in this study are secondary data. Data is obtained from laws and regulations, data from literature. The data collection technique was carried out through literature studies. The basis of philosophy is an attempt to understand and explain the nature of reality, knowledge, values, and human existence. Through philosophy, it can provide awareness to every individual. The consciousness of each individual can be realized with appropriate action, it can be used to protect the environment and create a better future for the Earth and future generations

Examining Significant Factors Influencing Workers' Safety Behavior in Project Work Environments

2025-12-30T21:20:17+00:00

This study investigates the key factors influencing construction workers' safety behaviour, focusing on safety knowledge, safety awareness, safety intervention, and safety rules and procedures. A mixed-methods approach was employed, starting with a conceptual model developed through a literature review and validated via the Delphi method with safety experts. A quantitative survey was then conducted with construction workers, and data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesised relationships. The findings show that safety knowledge and safety awareness have significant direct effects on safety behaviour. Safety rules and procedures impact safety behaviour both directly and indirectly by enhancing safety knowledge, while safety intervention plays a crucial role in shaping safe work practices. Additionally, importance–performance map analysis (IPMA) identified key areas that require immediate managerial focus for improving safety performance. This research contributes to the safety behaviour literature by providing an empirically validated model specific to the construction sector. Practically, it offers actionable insights for project managers and safety practitioners to develop targeted safety strategies that reduce occupational accidents in construction projects.

Development of Cold Brew Ginger Drink As A Non-Alcoholic Beverage Innovation

2025-12-30T21:00:30+00:00

Wedang ginger is a traditional Indonesian beverage rich in health benefits; however, in Grendeng Pulo Karawaci Village, Tangerang Regency, its production is still limited to hot form, which is less appealing to young consumers. The main problems include limited product innovation, overly spicy ginger flavor, rapid loss of aroma due to traditional extraction techniques, and a shelf life of less than 3 days in a humid tropical climate, which risks contamination and a decline in hygienic quality. This research aims to develop wedang ginger cold brew as an innovation in fresh non-alcoholic beverages, through a cold extraction process (cold brew) to produce a mild flavor, long-lasting aroma, and shelf life of up to 11 days. The implementation method is participatory, including problem identification through observation, cold brew production prototypes (soak ginger for 12-24 hours at room temperature, refrigerate for 5 days, strain, and adjust flavor), educational workshops, as well as sensory evaluation and pre-post questionnaires. This innovation also includes product variations such as ginger basil lemon, ginger cold brew milk, and others to enhance appeal. The expected outcomes are that 100% of workshop participants can independently adopt the cold brew method, a minimum product shelf life of 7-11 days, and an increase in young consumer interest by 70%. The benefits of the research include village economic empowerment through diversification of herbal non-alcoholic beverage businesses, preservation of local culture, and contributions to public health with natural, hygienic products

The Constitutional Rights of the Community Regarding Fair Development Projects: Legal Position and Legal Certainty

2026-01-08T07:54:55+00:00

Construction projects inherently involve the public sphere because their outcomes directly impact community safety, welfare, and access to public facilities. Consequently, the fulfillment of constitutional rights—particularly the principles of equality before the law under Article 27(1) of the 1945 Constitution and legal certainty under Article 28D(1)—is essential to ensure that development is carried out fairly. This article examines how these rights are realized or potentially violated through two key regulatory instruments: construction contracts and building permit processes. Using a normative juridical method supported by statutory analysis, doctrinal review, and comparative reference to FIDIC Red Book 2017, the study identifies common sources of constitutional risk such as ambiguous technical specifications, unclear brand corridors, incomplete designs, and procedurally defective permits. The article concludes that strengthening contract documents, enhancing transparency of permitting procedures, and ensuring accountable public oversight are crucial for safeguarding constitutional rights in equitable development.